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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities

Scientific Name
Scorodocarpus borneensis

Trade Name
Kulim

Family Name
Olacaceae

Wood Image 1

Common Names
Ansam, Bawang, Bawang hutan, Bawang utan, Buwanghutan, Cepeluk, Forest garlic, Jaui, Kasino, Kayu bawang, Kudar, Kudur, Kulim, Kulium, Madudu, Marsindu, Merca, Rengon, Sedau, Selaru, Seluru, Sinduk, Sinoh, Terdu, Ungsanah

Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia

Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP]
Indonesia, Malaysia

Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Canoes, Construction, Crossties, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Naval architecture, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Roofing, Shipbuilding, Sills, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Sub-flooring, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction, Windows

Environmental Profile
Secure within most of its natural growth range
Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

Secure, including some regions in Malaysia

Distribution Overview
This species occurs throughout the lowland forests in Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. It is described as occasionally gregarious.

Heartwood Color
Brown
White
Pink
Purple
Dark brown
Reddish brown
Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure
Silver flecks
Greenish to greyish
Darkens after prolonged exposure
Dark red brown to purple brown
Brown

There may be a red-brown intermediate zone between heartwood and sapwood

Sapwood Color
Brown
Yellow
Pink
White to yellow
Pinkish
Well defined
Paler than heartwood
Light yellow and may have a transitional red-brown region


Grain
Figure
Interlocked
Stripe (figure)
Even
Closed
Wavy
Other (figure)
Straight

Interlocked
Striped figure
Wavy
Straight
Shallowly to deeply interlocked
Other figure


Texture
Coarse
Fine to medium
Fine
Moderately fine
Medium


Luster
Dull
Slightly lustrous
Lustrous
Low


Natural Growth Defects
Yellowish deposits in vessels
Whitish deposits in vessels
Latex or other ducts


Natural Durability
Durable
Moderately durable
Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Resistant to attack from marine borers
Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)
Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack
Very durable
Durable
Susceptible to attack by forest longhorn beetle
Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack
Resistant to wood staining fungal attack
Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera)
Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree
Non durable
Moderately resistant to marine borer attack
Moderately resistant to decay
Moderately resistant to attack by termites
Good resistance to marine borer attack
Fairly durable under cover


Odor
Strong garlic smell when freshly-cut, and peppery smell after it dries
No specific taste


Light-Induced Color Change
Darker


Kiln Schedules
Drying (speed) is fast
Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid


Drying Defects
Distortion
Severe end splitting
Moderate end spitting
No twisting or warping
No cupping, generally
Moderate surface checking
Generally free from spring and bow
Common drying degrade is large radial splits


Ease of Drying
Thick Stock Requires Care
Rapidly
Fairly Easy
Easy
Air dries fairly rapidly


Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln drying rate (green to 12% mc) is rapid, typically from less than 10 days for a board under 32 mm, to less than 30 days for a board 63 mm and thicker.


Tree Identification
Bole/stem form is buttressed
Bole/stem form is not buttressed


Tree Size
Bole length is 20-30 m
Tree height is 40-50 m
Tree height is 50-60 m


Blunting Effect
Little


Boring
Fair to good results
Fairly easy to very easy
Easy
Moderately easy
Difficult


Carving
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Responds readily to carving operations


Cutting Resistance
Easy to saw
Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate
Fairly easy to saw
Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult


Gluing
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Fair to Good Results
Good gluing properties


Mortising
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Finishes well


Moulding
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy


Movement in Service
Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement


Nailing
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Possible if prebored
Nails hold poorly


Planing
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Planes well, to a good finish
Ease of planing is moderate
Works without too much difficulty in planing, moulding, boring, turning and most operations
Quality of worked surfaces depend upon degree of grain interlocking
Easy to plane
Difficult to plane


Resistance to Impregnation
Resistant sapwood
Resistant heartwood
Heartwood is resistant
Heartwood is moderately resistant
Sapwood is permeable
Sapwood is permeable
Heartwood is fairly resistant to termites and other insects


Response to Hand Tools
Responds Readily
Easy to machine
Stock without deeply interlocked grain is fairly easy to work


Routing & Recessing
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy


Sanding
Good sanding finish


Screwing
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy


Turning
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Turns with moderate ease
Poor results
Finish is generally satisfactory
Easy to turn
Good results


Veneering Qualities
Suitable for peeling
Suitable for slicing
Diifficult to veneer


Steam Bending
Tends to Degrade
Poor to Very Poor Results


Polishing
Fair to Good Results
Satisfactory results
Poor results


Staining
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results


Strength Properties
Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Max. crushing strength = medium
Max. crushing strength = high
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Shrinkage, Volumetric = large
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high
Weight=High
Resists wearing, denting and marring fairly well
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Density=High
Crushing strength = high
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high


Numerical Data
ItemGreenDryEnglish
Bending Strength987514389psi
Density53lbs/ft3
Hardness1531lbs
Impact Strength2628inches
Maximum Crushing Strength59798304psi
Shearing Strength1323psi
Stiffness183120801000 psi
Specific Gravity0.66
Weight5240lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%
Volumetric Shrinkage13%
ItemGreenDryMetric
Bending Strength6941011kg/cm2
Density849kg/m3
Hardness694kg
Impact Strength6571cm
Maximum Crushing Strength420583kg/cm2
Shearing Strength93kg/cm2
Stiffness1281461000 kg/cm2
Specific Gravity0.66
Weight833641kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%

References
Balan Menon, P.K.,1958,Uses of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 21(1) pp34-44

Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak

Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318

Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15

Grewal, G.S.,1979,Air seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers,Malaysia Forestry Department, Forest Service, Trade Leaflet No.41

Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.

Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48

Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3

Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1

Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.

Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19

Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board

Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210

Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board

Menon, K.D.,1958,Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post,Beetle,Attack,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.27

Perrot, E.,1921,Les Bois du Gabon,Larose Paris

Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau

Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee

Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73

Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia

Walker, F.S.,1941,Resistance of Timbers to Marine Borer Attack,Malayan Forester 10(4) pp145-9

WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.

Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia

Wong, T.M.,1982,A Dictionary of Malaysian Timbers,Malaysia Forest Department, Malayan Forest Records No.30









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