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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
Weathering
| |
Synonyms
Simarouba medicinalis, Simaruba amara, Simaruba officinalis
Common Names
Aceitillo, Aceituna, Aceituno, Aceituno negrito, Bitter dam, Bitter damson, Bitter dan, Bitterwood, Boarwood, Bois blanc, Bois frene, Caixeta, Cedro amargo, Cedro blanco, Chiriuna, Cuna, Daguillo, Damsel, Frene, Gall tree, Gavilan, Guitarro, Gusano, Jocote, Jocote de mico, Jucumico, Malacacheta, Marouba, Maruba, Marupa, Mountain damson, Negrito, Olive amargo, Olivo, Paljul'te, Palo amargo, Palo blanco, Paradise tree, Parahyba, Paraiba, Pasa-ak, Pasac, Pasaque, Pau parahyba, Rabo de lagarto blanco, Roblecillo, Simarouba, Simaruba, Simarupa, Soemaroeba, Stavewood, Tamanqueira, X-pasak-il, Xpasak, Xpazakil, Zapatero
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, Suriname, United States, Venezuela
Common Uses
Blockboard, Boxes and crates, Cooperages, Furniture components, Furniture, Interior construction, Joinery, Light construction, Matches, Moldings, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Packing cases, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Toys, Turnery, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting
Environmental Profile
| Status has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
The species occurs in Central and South America. It grows in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guyane, Peru, Surinam, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| Purple |
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| White to cream |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| White to yellowish-white |
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| Pale brown |
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Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Orange |
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| Same as heartwood |
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| Not distinct from heartwood |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Weak (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Weak figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Resinous and oily |
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| Very fine |
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| Medium |
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| Oily streaks |
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| Coarse |
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| Coarse to medium |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Pronounced |
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| Lustrous |
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| High |
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Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non durable |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Heartwood susceptible to attack by decay fungi |
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| Very little or no natural resistance to attack by decay fungi and wood destroying insects |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Prone to blue stain |
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| Not readily attacked by insects |
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Weathering
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| No distinct odor or taste |
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| Bitter, quinne-like taste |
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Toxicity
Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Splitting |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight tendency to distort and check |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Liable to stain |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Slowly |
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| Thick Stock Requires Care |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Easy |
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| Air dries rapidly, with little degrade |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Kiln drying rate (green to 12% mc) is rapid, typically from less than 10 days for a board under 32 mm, to less than 30 days for a board 63 mm and thicker. |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber. Small quantities are exported from the producing countries.
Certified Source
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| High to severe |
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| Dulls cutting edges very slightly |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fair to good results |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Internal stresses in trees may cause logs to split during sawing |
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| Fairly easy to saw |
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Gluing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Easy to nail |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Planes and works well in other machining operations |
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| Machines with very little difficulty |
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| Clean, finished surfaces |
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| Can be planed to a smooth finish |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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| Responds very well to preservative treatment |
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| Good absorption properties |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| No drying degrade |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Painting
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Responds well to polishing |
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| Grain filling after sanding is reported to give the best surface finishing results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Very small |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small |
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| Mor/Bending strength = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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The bending strength of the species is considered medium, being much weaker than White oak or Teak in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content). It is weak in compression parallel to grain (maximum crushing strength), and is inferior to Mahogany. It is of average, or medium, density.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 6111 | 9822 | psi |
| Density | | 29 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 319 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 2139 | 4608 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 882 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1358 | 1409 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.37 | | |
| Weight | 33 | 27 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 429 | 690 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 464 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 144 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 150 | 323 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 62 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 95 | 99 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.37 | | |
| Weight | 528 | 432 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
Belize,1946,42 Secondary Hardwood Timbers of British Honduras,British Honduras Forest Department Bulletin,No.1
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1952,Simarouba,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.26,pp389-92
Brazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Britton, N.L., Millspaugh, C.F.,1920,The Bahama Flora,Britton & Millspaugh,New York
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Flores Rodriguez, L.J.,1969,Description Caracteristicas y usos de 25 Maderas tropicales,Mexicanas,Camera Nacional de la Industria de la Construccion Serie Maderas de Mexico
Fors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La Habara
Hess, R.W., Wangaard, F.F., Dickinson, F.E.,1950,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 2,Tropical Woods,13(97,pp1-132
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Kukachka, B.F.,1960,Marupa (Simarouba amara Aubl.,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series No.1956 (Revised)
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press
Record, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47
Reyes, L.J. 1938. Philippine Woods. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Technical Bulletin 7, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Bureau of Printing, Manila.
Schulz, H., Grotthuss, O.K.N. von,1969,Investigacion de Algunas Especies Arboreas de los Bossques Tropicales de,Mexico (tercera parte,Mexico y sus Bosques,3(25,pp4-22
Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29
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