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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
Weathering
| |
Synonyms
Eribroma oblonga
Common Names
Awari, Azodo, Bi, Bong ele, Bongele, Bonog, Ebenebe, Eijong, Ejong, Ekonge, Eujong, Eyong, G'boyo, Kokoniko, Lom, Moan, N'chong, N'zong, Njong, Oha, Okilo, Okoko, Orodo, White sterculia, Yellow sterculia
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo, Uganda
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Very little threat to its natural habitat in most areas in its range |
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| Unknown status in natural growth range due to inadequate inofrmation |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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| Abundant |
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Its status in the wild in Equatorial Guinea or Bioko, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria is currently listed as unknown because of insufficient information
This species is abundant and rather secure, with very little threat to its natural habitat in most areas in its range including Cameroon, but it is officially classified as Vulnerable in Ivory Coast.
Distribution Overview
This species occurs in tropical West Africa, from Liberia to Gabon, and is often found in the transition zone between humid evergreen forests and the semi-deciduous forests. It is also reported to grow in secondary forests.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Purple |
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| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Red |
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| Orange |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| White to cream |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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| Yellowish brown |
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| Reddish brown |
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Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Same as heartwood |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Pale-colored |
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| Color not distinct from heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Even |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Weak (figure) |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Weak figure |
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| Shallowly interlocked |
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| Quartersawn surfaces produce an attractive figure |
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| Other figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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Abundant high rays produce an attractive figure on quarter-sawn surfaces.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium to coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Medium to very coarse |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Heartwood has very little resistance to decay |
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| Heartwood has little resistance to termites |
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Weathering
Odor
| Odor disappears upon drying |
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| Freshly cut wood has strong unpleasant odor |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 |
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| T3 - C2 (4/4) US |
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| T3 - C1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule C (4/4) United Kingdom |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Severe surface checking |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| Severe cupping |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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| Moderate cupping |
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| Shakes may become extended |
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| Severe collapse and honeycomb |
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| Moderate collapse and honeycombing |
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| May distort logitudinally |
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Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Difficult |
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| Dries slowly |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Medium effect |
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| Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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Boring
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Saws satisfactorily |
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Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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| Difficult to glue |
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Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
| Easy to nail |
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| Nailing properties are rated as moderate |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Reduction of cutting angle recommended |
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| Easy to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to sand |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor results |
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| Fairly good response to preservative treatment |
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| Difficult to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
| Moderate |
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| Inferior to moderate |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Poor results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Satisfactory staining characteristics |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Work to Maximum Load = low |
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| Very heavy |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Density = high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 10929 | 16838 | psi |
| Density | | 48 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1236 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 37 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5627 | 9057 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1516 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1593 | 1973 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 276 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 10 | 13 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.6 | | |
| Weight | 47 | 46 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 14 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 768 | 1183 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 769 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 560 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 93 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 395 | 636 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 106 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 112 | 138 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 317 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.70 | 0.91 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.6 | | |
| Weight | 753 | 737 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1957,Eyong (Sterculia oblonga,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,55, pp21-4
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Brandis, D.,1906,Indian Trees,Constable & Co.Ltd.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cudjoe, F.S.,1969,A Key to the Family Sterculiaceae in Ghana,Forest Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Note, No.7
Dalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the Colonies
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1952,Trials of Timber for Plywood Manuf. - Prelim. Report on 6 African Species,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Progress Report,No.17
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1952,Yellow Sterculia - Sterculia oblonga,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet DSA,22036/5,pp1-3
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T.,1960,Resultats des Observations et des essais effectues au CTFT sur Eyong,C.T.F.T.,Information Technique,No.70
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
U.A.C.O. Timber Review,1962,A good all-rounder -Agba (Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,U.A.C.O. Timber Review,6, pp2-6
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Plants Programme, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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