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Blunting Effect
Boring
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Sterculia ivira, Ivira pruriens
Common Names
Apote, Axixa, Bofrohoedoe, Boia, Bracaia, Capote, Chicha, Chicha brava, Chichabrava, Envireira, Imbira quiaba, Ivira, Jahoballi, Kobe, Kobe he, Koebehe, Koejethie, Kroekroe amete, Maho, Maho kobe, Mahot cochon, Maipjoerie ietare, Majagua, Maneko, Manmaho, Patoelapo, Pau rei, Smooth leaf maho, Sterculia, Tacacazeiro, Tourou, Tourou-tourou, Tuxapa, Unha d'anta, Yahu
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname
Common Uses
Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Coffins, Concrete formwork, Construction, Furniture, Interior construction, Joinery, Light construction, Paneling, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Veneer
Environmental Profile
| Unknown status in natural growth range due to inadequate inofrmation |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
The species occurs in the Guianas and northern Brazil.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Orange |
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| White to cream |
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| Pale brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Whitish |
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| Reddish brown |
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Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Same as heartwood |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Different than heartwood |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Rays figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Medium to coarse |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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Luster
| Lustrous |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Medium |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-durable |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Very durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Perishable |
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| Very little natural resistance |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Liable to blue stain |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1 |
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| T2-D4 (4/4) US |
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| T2-D3 (8/4) US |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Splitting |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Severe twisting/warping |
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Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Moderate |
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| Difficult |
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| Fairly difficult to penetrate with preservatives |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Tree height is 0-10 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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Mortising
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Movement in Service
| Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement |
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| Large |
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| Not stable/prone to move |
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| Looses its shape after manufacture |
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Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Sharp cutting edges recommended |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Yields a smooth, clean finish |
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Sanding
Screwing
Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Drying degrade is often moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splilts |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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Steam Bending
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Work to Maximum Load = low |
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| Weight = moderate |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8924 | 11748 | psi |
| Density | | 35 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 906 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4758 | 8075 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1106 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1734 | 1876 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 170 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 11 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.45 | | |
| Weight | 33 | 27 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 15 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 627 | 825 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 560 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 410 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 334 | 567 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 77 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 121 | 131 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 195 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.63 | 0.77 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.45 | | |
| Weight | 528 | 432 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
References
Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais Guyana
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1985,Kobe - Sterculia pruriens Schum.,Bois et Forets des Tropiques Vol. 207 p.46
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Kynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.
Slooten, H.J. van der,1970,Evaluation Study of eighteen Wood Species from Guyana for Veneer and,Plywood Manufacture,Forest Industries Development Survey FAO Report SF/GUY9 Tech. Report,No.13,U.N.D.P.
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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