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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
Weathering
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Synonyms
Moronobea esculenta, Symphonia gabonensis, Symphonia rosea
Common Names
Agheribedi, Ahoke, Ahurke, Amarilla, Anamy, Anani, Anany, Arguane, Arquane, Arquanne mekoa, Azufre, Bango bango, Barillo, Ben, Bera caspi, Beta, Beu, Boar gum, Boar wood, Bois cochon, Bolaka, Boloka, Bolongo, Boncillo, Botoncillo, Brea-caspi, Brick-wax tree, Buck-wax tree, Bulungu, Cerillo, Chewstick, Corban, Dibolongo, Doctor gum, Ehulike, Ejale, Enem, Enem onja, Gamboge, Hog gum, Hue, Igi odan, Karamanni, Karimanni, Kisonghia, Leche, Leche amarilla, Machare, Machre, Mangu-mangu, Mani, Manie, Manil, Manilparcouri, Manni, Manniballi, Mapelo, Marillo, Masagrie, Mataaki, Mataaki sabana, Mataki, Matakki, Matakkie, Mbela, Mekoa, Morombo-rai, Muangu muangu, Muyanja, Nianga nianga, Nianga-nianga, Nom ouie, Nom-ovie, Numgundo, Oanani, Okilolo, Olea baran, Osol, Ossodou, Ossol, Ovien edun eze, Ozoli, Paletuvier jaune, Param ancillo, Paraman, Peraman, Perman, Sabana mataaki, Sambogum, Sisako, Symphonia, Tshilunga noir, Usempe, Usonghia, Vanani, Waika, Waika chewstick, Wayepu, wee, Yellow mangue, Yellow manguo
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Central America, Colombia, Columbia, Congo, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Liberia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Sierra Leone, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Venezuela
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Barrels, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Casks, Cooperages, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Naval architecture, Office furniture, Packing cases, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Sub-flooring, Toys, Trimming, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting, Wharf construction
Environmental Profile
| Status unknown in many of its growth areas |
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| Generally widespread, secure, and abundant within most of its range |
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| Endangered within parts of its natural boundaries |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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| Abundant |
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This species is abundant and secure within most of its natural growth range, including Congo and Uganda, but its status is classified as Endangered in Benin, Vulnerable in the Ivory Coast, and it is either Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable or Rare in Cameroon. Its status in the wild in several areas within its range in both tropical America and Africa is listed as unknown because of insufficient information (
Distribution Overview
A lesser-known species from the tropics, its range includes the West Indies, Central and South America, and Africa. It is rather plentiful in localized areas within its range, and thrives very well in swamps and marshy areas, especially by the sides of lagoons, creeks, and rivers.
Heartwood Color
| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| White |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Pale brown |
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| Yellowish, pale brown |
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| Yellowish brown stripes |
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| Red |
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| Red light brown |
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| Greenish/Grayish brown stripes |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Pale-colored |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Even |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Weak (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Other figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Weak figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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Backsawn material may exhibit a 'partridge' figure which is produced by numerous concentric zones of alternating light- colored soft tissue and darker fibrous zones.
Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Medium to coarse |
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Luster
| High |
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| Medium |
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| Lustrous |
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| Usually medium |
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| Figure Occurrence is variable |
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| Dull |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Brittleheart is rare or absent. When present, it is sparse in amount |
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The bark contains a yellowish brown gum which darkens upon exposure to resemble pitch.
Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non-durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to pinhole borers |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Very durable |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Moderately resistant to marine borer attack |
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| Heartwood susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Heartwood has very little resistance to decay |
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| Heartwood has little resistance to termites |
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Weathering
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| T3 - C2 (4/4) US |
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| T3 - C1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule C (4/4) United Kingdom |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Checking |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No surface checking |
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| No resin/gum exudation |
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| No end splitting |
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| No cupping, generally |
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| No collapse/honeycomb |
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| Generally free from spring and bow |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Difficult |
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| Air dries rapidly under cover |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Rapid |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is unknown |
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Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Bark width is 15-20 mm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Bark width is 10-15 mm |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber is produced in limited quantities from the species. Exportation is rated as low.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Interlocked slightly to moderately |
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| Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Easy |
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| Generally good |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Generally good results |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Moderate to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Easy to saw |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing characteristics |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to mortise |
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| Good mortising properties |
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| Finishes well |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Poor moulding results |
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| Good finishing results |
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Moulds and shapes well, but shaped surfaces tend to be rough.
Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Medium |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Tends to split during nailing |
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| Possible if prebored |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes to a poor finish |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Sapwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Good response |
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Routing & Recessing
| Routing yields good results |
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| Routing is easy |
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| Fairly good response to preservative treatment |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to sand |
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| Satisfactory sanding results |
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| Good sanding finish |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Tendency to split if not pre-bored |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Possible if prebored |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Poor results |
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| Good results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| No drying degrade |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
Painting
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to paint |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Finish is generally good |
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| Stains easily |
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| Staining (Characteristic) = non-staining |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Heavy |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very hard |
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| Density = high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 11389 | 17326 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 608 | 784 | psi |
| Density | | 43 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1304 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 40 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5772 | 9039 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1559 | psi |
| Static Bending | 6997 | 10702 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1919 | 2240 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 154 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 11 | 20 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.57 | 0.65 | |
| Weight | 43 | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 13 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 800 | 1218 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 42 | 55 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 689 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 591 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 101 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 405 | 635 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 109 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 491 | 752 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 134 | 157 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 177 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.77 | 1.40 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.57 | 0.65 | |
| Weight | 689 | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Belize,1946,42 Secondary Hardwood Timbers of British Honduras,British Honduras Forest Department Bulletin,No.1
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
CAOBA International, San Francisco, California. 1993. Personal Communication.
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
Davis, E.M.,1949,Exploratory tests in machining and related properties of 15 Tropical,American Hardwoods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,Report,No.1744
Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. Belguim
Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T., No.277, Maiul - Symphonia globulifera,C.T.F.T. Information Tec.
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Garratt, G.A.,1936,The Wood of Symphonia globulifera,Tropical Woods,6(45,pp1-15
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
Highley, T.L., Scheffer, T.C.,1970,Natural Decay Resistance of 30 Peruvian Woods,U.S.A. Agriculture Department, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory,,Madison Research Paper,No.143
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Into the Woods. 1993. Personal Communication.
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
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