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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Acapro, Akkeja, Akkekeja, Ala-onni, Ala-ore, Alahorre, Alan-che, Alcapro, Alumbre, Amapa, Amapa prieta, Amapa priete, Amapa prieto, Aoka, Arabore, Araguaney, Arahoni, Aravaney, Arawnig, Arawnig-yek, Arco, Arcwood, Arowore, Arra-ore, Arrhonee, Aruain, Bastard lignum vitae, Bethabara, Bois d'ebene verte, Bois d'evilasse, Bow wood, Bow-wood, Caexeta, Canada, Canaguate, Canahuate, Chicala, Cogwood, Coralibe, Cortes, Cortes amarillo, Cortez, Cortez amarillo, Cortez colorado, Cortez de venado, Corteza, Cortés, Courali, Curari, Curarire, Ebano verde, Ebene soufre, Ebene vert, Ebene verte, Echahumo, Enbotta-koenatjepre, Flor amarillo, Greenheart, Grenhatti, Grienharti, Groenhart, Groenhati, Guayacan, Guayacan polvillo, Gupariba, Hackia, Hackoyia, Haekia, Hahuache, Hakia, Hakkea, Ijzerhout, Ipe, Ipe amarillo, Ipe cascudo, Ipe de varzea, Ipe do compo, Ipe folhas roxas, Ipe jabotica, Ipe preto, Ipe roxo, Ipe tabaco, Ipe una, Irontree, Ironwood, Konawadranup, Lapachillo tally, Lapacho, Lapacho amarillo, Lapacho blanco, Lapacho crespo, Lapacho negro, Lapacho rosa, Lignum vitae, Lubre, Madera negra, Makagrien, Makka groenhart, Mangienhatti, Mano de leon, Masicaran, Noibwood, Pao d'arco, Pao d'arco amarillo, Pao d'arco roxo, Pau d'Arco, Pau darco, Penda, Polvillo, Poui, Pui, Quebracho, Quiarapaiba, Ranoi, Roble, Roble cinero, Surinam greenheart, Tabebuia, Tahua, Tahuari, Tamura tuira, Tauary, Taye, Tayi, Urupariba, Verdecillo, Washiba, Wasiba, Wasieba, Wassiba, Wehete, Whoua-whoua, Woile, Xha-hua-che, Yellow guayacan, Yellow poui
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Barge fenders, Bearings & bushings, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Bridge beams, Bridge construction, Bridge joists, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Cooperages, Crossties, Decks, Decorative veneer, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Figured veneer, Fishing rods, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture, Handles, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Naval architecture, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Raft floats, Rafts, Railroad ties, Shade rollers, Shafts/Handles, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Walking sticks
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Questionable |
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| Vulnerable |
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| Widespread |
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| Rare in some parts of its range, particularly at the periphery |
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| Globally secure |
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| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
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| Abundant |
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Distribution Overview
Distributed widely from Colombia to Bolivia, the Guianas, and southeastern Brazil. It is descrbed as ecologically diverse, especially in the Brazilian mata atlantica. It occurs mostly in more or less seasonal forests on well-drained lateritic soils in the Amazons, but also grows on richer or sandy soils and even into the cerrado in sub-Amazonian Brazil. The tree is usually found near sea level up to an elevation of 3940 feet (1200 m).
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Purple |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Light/Dark streaks |
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| Brown - olive |
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| Black |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Pinkish |
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| Whitish |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Interlocked |
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| Variable (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Other figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Variable figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight to very irregular and interlocked |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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Texture
| Resinous and oily |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Medium |
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| Oily appearance |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Medium |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Lustrous |
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| Medium |
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| Low |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Heartwood susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Heartwood is resistant to termite and dry wood insect attack |
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| Heartwood has little resistance to termites |
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| Durable |
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Odor
| Has an odor |
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| No specific smell or taste |
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Toxicity
| Dermatitic effects |
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| Respiratory effects |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| T3 - C1 (4/4) US |
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| Schedule E (4/4) United Kingdom |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Collapse |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight cupping |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No end splitting |
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Moderate end spitting
Ease of Drying
Kiln Drying Rate
| Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is misshapen |
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| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber. The timber is exported regularly. The wood is imported from Brazil into Italy, Argentina, United States, Barbados, and Venezuela.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Similar in properties to Tabebuis guajacan from Honduras and T.heterotricha from Panama
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| Interlocked slightly to moderately |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Moderately easy |
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Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Very difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Carefully Controlled Conditions |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Surface preperation improves gluing |
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Mortising
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Reduction of cutting angle of 15 degrees is recommended |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Possible if prebored |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Reduction of cutting angle recommended |
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| Difficult to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Highly resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to Work |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Poor response |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Screwing
| Possible if prebored |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Turns with moderate ease |
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| Material with interlocked grain should be avoided |
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| Good turning characteristics |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Yeild highly decorative veneers |
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| Diifficult to veneer |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor |
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Painting
| Surface preparation may imporve results |
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| Difficult to paint |
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Surface preparation to remove yellowish lapachol powder may improve painting qualities.
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Good results |
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| Generally polishes well |
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Occasionally yellowish, powdery deposits of lapachol may interfere with polishing
Staining
| Surface Preparation |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Stains well |
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Varnishing
| Powdery deposits make varnishing difficult |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high |
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| Max. crushing strength = very high |
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| Density (dry weight) = >75 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very hard |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Very hard |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| May require special tools to process |
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| Density = very high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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The species is considerably stronger than White oak or Teak.The weight is exceptionally high, even in the seasoned condition. It is much heavier than Teak or White oak
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 20137 | 25864 | psi |
| Density | | 59 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 3342 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 9920 | 13203 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2396 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2708 | 3028 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 21 | 21 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.9 | 1.04 | |
| Weight | 58 | 52 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 13 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 1415 | 1818 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 945 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 1515 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 697 | 928 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 168 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 190 | 212 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 1.47 | 1.47 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.9 | 1.04 | |
| Weight | 929 | 833 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Andy Poynter. 1993. Personal Communication
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Edmondson, C.H.,1949,Reaction of Woods from S.America and Caribbean areas to Marine Borers in,Hawaiian Waters,Caribbean Foresters,10(1,PP37-41
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Marshall, R.C.,1939,Silviculture of the trees of Trinidad and Tobago - British West Indies,O.U.P.,London
Polak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1940,American Woods of the Family Bignoniaceae,Tropical Woods,8(63,pp 9-38
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press
Surinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest Service
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Teixeira, D. E., M. A. E. Santana and M. Rabelo de Souza. 1988. Amazonian Timbers for the International Market. ITTO Technical Series 1. Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development, Brazil.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
Vazquez, I. 1991. Puy - Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nicholson. Serie Maderas Comerciales de Venezuela, Ficha Tecnica No. 24. Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano, Merida, Venezuela, Marzo, 1991.
Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.
Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Plants Programme, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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