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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Corrosive Properties
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Plantation species?
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Synonyms
Tectona theka
Common Names
Burma teak, Deleg, Djati, Djatos, Dodolan, Genuine teak, Gia thi, Giati, Jate, Jati, Jati sak, Jatih, Jatos, Java teak, Kaiti, Kulidawa, Kyoon-pen, Kyun, Mai sak, Maisak, Moulimein teak, Pahi, Rangoon teak, Rosawa, Sagon, Sagwan, Tadi, Teak, Teca, Teck, Tegina, Tekku, Thekku, Thukku, Tik, Tsik
Plantation species?
Yes
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Central America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Benin, Burma, Cameroon, Congo, Fiji, Ghana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Vietnam, Zaire
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chemical containers, Chests, Clogs, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Lock gates, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Novelties, Oars, Paneling , Paneling, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Sills, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels, Windows
Environmental Profile
| Generally secure within its natural habitat |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
Teak is indigenous to India, Burma, Thailand, Indochina and Java, but it has been extensively planted for timber or as an ornamental within its natural range and throughout the tropical regions of the world, including East and West Africa, the West Indies, from Cuba and Jamaica to Trinidad, and from Panama to Brazil. It is also grown in southern Florida. The species has also been cultivated experimentally or at low elevations in Puerto Rico.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Green/grey |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Black |
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| Darkens after prolonged exposure |
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The heartwood in its purest form, is a uniform dark golden-brown, without markings. But most other heartwood found in this species is dark golden yellow, which turns into rich brown with darker, chocolate-brown markings upon exposure. There is moderate to high color variation between boards
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Variable (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Mottled (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Straight |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Variable figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Striped figure |
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| Occasionally wavy |
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| Mottled figure |
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| Figure shows rays |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Uneven |
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| Fine to medium |
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The wood is somewhat greasy and may contain white shiny deposits.
Luster
Natural Growth Defects
| Whitish deposits in vessels |
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| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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| Gum and mineral deposits |
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Natural Durability
| Perishable |
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| Durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non-durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Moderately resistant to marine borer attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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Odor
| No specific taste |
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| Has a leather-like odor when freshly milled |
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Silica Content
| Slight |
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| Moderate silica contact |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Corrosive Properties
Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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| Unspecified toxicity |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 |
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| UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No surface checking |
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| No end splitting |
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| No cupping, generally |
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| Generally free from spring and bow |
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| No collapse/honeycomb |
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Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Slowly |
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| Easy |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Bark width is 5-10 mm |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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Plantation trees are reported to grow to heights of 150 feet (45 m), and can be ready for harvesting after only 60 years. Teak logs are very heavy, and are rather difficult to transport. Standing trees are sometimes girdled and left to stand for two to eight years before they are harvested. This practice is reported to allow moisture in the tree to dissipate, and hence make the logs less heavy and easier to transport
Product Sources
Although it is higher in price than most other imports, Teak is available in veneer and lumber forms. Its consumption on the United States market is rather tiny compared to other domestic hardwoods. The wood is offered as an expensive option by many US shipbuilders, with most imports originating from Burma, which is the source of Teak with superior and the most desirable qualities. Good quality teak is difficult to acquire, and imports are usually in transit for about two months. Although US importers usually have some in stock, orders for the timber are slow to fill and can take up to a year.
Substitutes
Afrormosia (Pericopsis elata), Kindal (Terminalia paniculata), Iroko (Chlorophora excelsa , C. regia), Freijo (Cordia goeldiana), and for shipbuilding, Itauba (Mezilaurus navalium)
The following species are also similar in properties to Teak: ,Courbaril (Hymanaea courbaril), Andaman padauk (Pterocarpus dalbergioides), Yellow sanders (Buchenavia capitata), Indian white cedar (Dysoxylum malabaricum), but only for stiffness
Burma padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) is superior in strength properties.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Resistance to Chemicals
The timber is resistant to water and numerous chemical reagents, including acids, and will not cause rust or corrosion when it comes in contact with metals.
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on machining is variable |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
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Boring
| Easy |
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| Fairly easy with ordinary tools |
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| Cutting edges may dull rapidly |
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Carving
| Carves well in dry condition |
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Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Fairly difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate |
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Tungsten-Carbide cutting tools are recommended.
Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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Freshly sanded or planed surfaces are fairly easy to glue.
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
| Easy to nail |
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| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Holds satisfactorily |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Special attention required |
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| Easy to plane |
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Cutting angles should be reduced to 20 degrees for best results.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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The sapwood also has low permeability, but the wood has a high natural resistance to decay which tends to offset its poor response to preservative treatment.
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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| Cutting edges should be kept very sharp to prevent the wood from crumbling |
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Routing & Recessing
| Moderately easy |
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| Cutting edges dull rapidly and severely because of interlocked grain and silica content |
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Sanding
| Poor results |
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| Good sanding properties |
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Sanding qualities are generally good, but abrasives tend to be clogged. Frequent sandpaper changes are usually necessary.
Screwing
| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Nailing/screwing difficult without pre-boring |
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Turning
| Easy to turn |
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| Good results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Easy to cut |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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Steam Bending
Painting
| Fairly good painting properties |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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Staining
Natural oils in the wood may interfere with adhesion and drying of some finishes. Removing surface resins with a solvent that is compatible with the finish to be used is suggested to reduce the wood's tendency to repel finish coats.
Varnishing
| Good results |
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| Satisfactory |
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| Fairly good response to preservative treatment |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 10182 | 14742 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 819 | 1065 | psi |
| Density | | 39 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1038 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 33 | 25 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5350 | 7883 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1859 | psi |
| Static Bending | 5686 | 7304 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1521 | 1730 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 227 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 11 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.52 | 0.57 | |
| Weight | 38 | 37 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 715 | 1036 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 57 | 74 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 624 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 470 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 83 | 63 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 376 | 554 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 130 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 399 | 513 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 106 | 121 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 261 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.63 | 0.77 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.52 | 0.57 | |
| Weight | 608 | 592 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
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Bakshi, B.K., Et al,1961,A Note on Decay Resistance of Teak, Shisham and Khair,Indian Forester 87(1) pp40-1
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Brooks, R.L., et al,1941,Durability tests on Untreated Timbers in Trinidad,Caribbean Forester,2(3,pp101-119
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Bryce, J.M.,1966,Mechanical Properties of Tanzania Grown Teak (Tectona grandis L.,Tanzania Forestry Department, Utility Section Moshi, Technical Note No.34
Carrapiett, J.B.,1960,Notes on ornamental timbers of Burma,Burmese Forester,10(1,pp37-53
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Da Costa, E.W.B., Osborne, L.D.,1967,Comparative decay resistance of 26 New Guinea timber species in,accelerated laboratory tests,Comm. Forestry Review 46(1) pp63-74
Desch, H.E.,1947,The Teaks,Wood,12(11,pp324-5
Dickinson, F.E.,1949,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 1,Tropical Woods,13(95,pp1-140
Dupuy, B., Verhaegen, D.,1993,Plantation-grown teak (Tectona grandis) in the Ivory Coast [Le teck de,plantation (Tectona grandis) en Cote d'Ivoire],Bois et Forets des Tropiques No.235, 9-24
Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Gua, B.E.,1988,Observation on timber samples of eighteen research and plantation species,Forest Research Note, Solomon Islands Forestry Division Number 53 21/88
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
Haslett, A.N.; Young, G.D. and Britton, R.A.J.,1991,Plantation grown Tropical Timbers. 2. Properties, Processing and Uses,Journal of Tropical Forest Science 3(3):229-237
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Jain, J.C., Rao, P.S.,1966,Industrial Utilization of Sandal Sapwood,Indian Forestry 92(1) pp16-18
Jain, V.K.; Arora, K.L.; and Sharma, A.K.,1993,A Note on the Movement of some Indian Timbers,The Indian Forester Vol.119 No.11, pp.936-939
Kaiser, J. 1992. Wood of the Month - Teak: The Ironwood of China. Wood & Wood Products, February, 1992. Page 44.
Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Teak: Why Teak is a Popular Import and Mariner's Delight. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood of the Month, Page 24.
Kartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kline, M.1976. Tectona grandis - Teak. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn, J. H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994, 337-338.
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Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.
Lamb, A.F.A., Wangaard, F.F.,1950,The Gluing Properties of certain Tropical American Woods,Yale Univ. School of Forestry Technical Report,4
Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210
Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2)
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