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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Ada, Ada boumbra, Afara duclu, Afara dudu, Afara-dudu, Afia, African greenheart, African yellow wood, Amire, Ampira, Anidja, Awenshin, Bagyi, Bahi, Bai, Bai-ti, Baji, Bajii, Banidi, Basio, Bassi, Baye, Be-ie, Black afara, Black bark, Black-barked terminalia, Blie, Bona, Bossi, Boti, Boumbia, Bouna, Bouri, Bragba, Brimstone-wood, Buma, Buna, Cauri, Chasemiich, Dzogbedodo, Ebi, Efremeli, Eghoin-nebi, Eghoinmebbi, Egoyn odan, Egoyn-odan, Egoyne lukan, Egoyne nebi, Egoyne-lukan, Egoyne-nebi, Emen, Emeri, Emil, Emine, Emri, Epepe, Esemi, F'araeneri, Farayemile, Farayomile, Fataromile, Fela, Fira-wase, Frameri, Framine, Framire, Gbasi, Idigbo, Ijaws, Indigbo, Ka ronko, Kekange, Kil, Kokango, Kung, Lauri, Lidia, Mboti, N'dagobrohia, Nkombe, Nkondi, Okpoha, Onhidgo, Onidjo, Ouhidji, Oweive, Owewe, Ronko, Satin-wood, Shingle wood, Tewogboye, Tilautaea, Tuhidia, Tuhidya, Ubiri, Yellow pine, Yellow terminalia
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
Common Uses
Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chemical derivatives, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, General carpentry, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plain veneer, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Siding, Sub-flooring, Trimming, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting
Environmental Profile
| Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Vulnerable in Cameroon
Distribution Overview
Terminalia is a large genus consisting of over 200 species of very large trees that occur extensively in the tropical regions of the world. The natural growth range of T. ivorensis is in tropical West Africa and extends from Guinea to Cameroon. It is usually found in abundance in primary and secondary forests and transitional zones. The species has also been successfully cultivated elsewhere in plantations.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Purple |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Pinkish tint |
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| Light deep red brown or yellow-brown to brown or dark reddish-brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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Sapwood Color
| Pink |
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| Brown |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Same as heartwood |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Yellowish brown |
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| Pinkish-brown |
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| Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Weak (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Weak figure |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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The grain is usually straight, but is sometimes interlocked, which produces a ribbon stripe figure on quartered surfaces
Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Resinous and oily |
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| Coarse |
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| Uniform |
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| Moderately coarse |
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| Medium |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| Low |
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| Lustrous |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Pronounced |
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| Medium to high |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive |
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Wood core may contain brittleheart, which tends to be less dense and may turn pinkish upon exposure to light. Brittleheart also frequently produces thunder-shakes.
Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack by forest longhorn beetle |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals |
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| Sawdust can cause respiratory irritation in some individuals |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 |
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| T10 - D5S (4/4); T8 - D4S (8/4) US |
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| Schedule J (4/4) United Kingdom |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Splitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| No surface checking |
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| No end splitting |
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| Slight tendency to distort and check |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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Small tendency for knots to split
Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Rapidly |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Easy |
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| Dries rapidly and well with little degrade under controlled conditions |
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Good air circulation around drying stacks is recommended.
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Bark width is greather than 50 mm |
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Product Sources
The timber is used in large quantities for joinery in Europe, but it is imported in small amounts into the United States, since some of its uses can be met by many native species. Price is in the moderate range. Idigbo has been suggested as a possible matching material for Oak veneers to cut costs on solid sections.
The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced in limited quantities. Export is at a regular rate.
Comments
Corrosive Materials - Wet wood may react with iron and steel fittings to promote corrosion, and a yellow dye in the wood may stain moist textile materials. Wood from Ivory Coast and Ghana are reported to contain resin seams
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Slight dulling effect on cutting tools |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Easy |
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| Bores well with ordinary machine tools |
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Slow speeds are recommended to prevent charring.
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Responds very well to hand tools |
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| Good results |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Low resistance to sawing |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing properties |
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Mortising
Slow mortising speeds have been suggested since the wood is liable to char at high speeds
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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| High dimensional stability after seasoning |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Special attention required |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended in planing quartersawn material to prevent tearing.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is extremely resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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The sapwood has medium permeability.
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory routing properties |
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| Routing is easy |
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Sanding
| Good sanding properties |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Easy to screw |
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| Good screwing properties |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Good results |
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It responds rather well to most tools in operations but there is a slight tendency for end-grain to break away when working material containing compression wood and brittleheart
Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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Steam Bending
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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| Requires a filler |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Reacts with Iron to discolour wood |
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| Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract |
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| Stains well |
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| May require considerable surface preparation |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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The timber is rather low in strength properties, and can be rendered even weaker if brittleheart is present.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
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| Bending Strength | 7271 | 11554 | psi |
| Density | | 33 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 951 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 17 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3593 | 6360 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1430 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1101 | 1380 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 137 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.42 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 37 | 32 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 511 | 812 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 528 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 431 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 43 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 252 | 447 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 100 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 77 | 97 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 157 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.49 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.42 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 592 | 512 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bois et Forets Des Tropiques,1947,Le Framire (Terminalia ivorensis,Bois et Forets des Tropiques No.1 pp.48-52
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1974,Framire (Terminalia ivorensis,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.153,pp23-34
Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
British Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chalk, L.,1933,Twenty West African Timber Trees,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 2
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1952,Tropical Hardwoods for Building,Builder,110(5689, pp338-9
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Crossley, N., Ogunle, O.A.,1964,Studies on the suitability of Nigerian raw materials for paper making VI,Fed. Inst. Ind. Res. Nigeria Research report,No.25
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1968,Report on a Consignment of Heglig (Balanites aegyptiaca) from the Republic,of the Sudan,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Reports on,Overseas Timber, No.9
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, Canada
France - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur Framire,C.T.F.T. Information Tec., No.115
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees . Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1987. Terminalia ivorensis - Idigbo. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 339-340.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3
Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.
Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
Voorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Plants Programme, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
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