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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Badam, Bang nuoc, Chasemiich, Esemi, Kil, Kung, Safed bombway, Tilautaea, White Bombay, White bombway, White bombwe
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Burma, India
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, General carpentry, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Office furniture, Paneling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Stools, Tables , Tool handles, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wardrobes
Environmental Profile
| Status has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
Terminalia genus is composed of over 200 species of very large trees which occur extensively in the tropics. T. procera is found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where it is very common.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| Red |
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| Purple |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Light brown |
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| Grey brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| White to yellow |
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| Grey |
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The sapwood may have patches of yellow which dissolve in water to produce a dye.
Grain
| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Even |
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| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight to shallowly interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Lustrous |
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| Fairly lustrous |
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Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to termite attack |
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| Sapwood is readily attacked by powder-post beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Heartwood has very low resistance to decay |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
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| Schedule E (4/4) United Kingdom |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Severe twisting/warping |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Severe end splitting |
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Thinner stock may warp.
Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Slowly |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Dries rapidly and well with little degrade under controlled conditions |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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It develops a strong and straight bole.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Medium dulling effect on cutting edges |
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| Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Responds readily to boring tools with good results |
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Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Moderate to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Satisfactory sawing properties |
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| Moderate blunting of saw teeth |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Gluing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Interlocked grain effects mortising |
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The timber mortises rather cleanly, except in material containing interlocked grain
Moulding
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Moulded surfaces tend to be clean |
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| Fairly easy to mould |
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Movement in Service
| Small |
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| Stable when seasoned |
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| Holds shape well after manufacture |
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Nailing
| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Good nailing characteristics |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Special attention required |
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Material containing interlocked grain may require a reduced cutting angle of 15 degrees to achieve smooth surfaces in planing
Resistance to Impregnation
| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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The heartwood is rated as responsive to preservative treatment, but complete penetration is not always achieved.
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Yields a smooth, clean finish |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good sanding properties |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Holds screws well |
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Turning
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to turn |
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It responds rather well to machine tools to produce mostly clean, smooth surfaces in turning operations
Veneering Qualities
The timber responds well to rotary cutting and slicing into veneer
Steam Bending
Polishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Requires a filler |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract |
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| Satisfactory staining properties |
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| May require considerable surface preparation |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Strength Properties
| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Heavy |
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| Hard |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Dense |
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| Crushing strength = high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 7318 | 11106 | psi |
| Density | | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1245 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 28 | 30 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3672 | 6336 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 882 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1240 | 1474 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.51 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 48 | 39 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 514 | 780 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 564 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 71 | 76 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 258 | 445 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 62 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 87 | 103 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.51 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 769 | 624 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Resistance to Wear of Afzelia as Flooring,Wood,16(9, pp338-9
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Das Gupta, P.R.,1980,Studies on differential shrinkage in different planes of wood,Indian Forester 106(2) pp128-40
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols
Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3
Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.
Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30
Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
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