Clicking
any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back
to this top position.
Use the following links to
jump to the associated section in the main data.
Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
| |
Common Names
Amat, Bankalis, Entuyut, Kaye hujan, Kuantan, Larut, Pedada-paja, Punah, Punak, Rain tree, Sha lei, Terepit, Tuyot
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Construction, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Form work, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Mine timbers, Parquet flooring, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Roofing, Rough construction, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Vehicle parts
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Abundant/Secure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Status has not been officially assessed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distribution Overview
The species occurs in coastal swamp forests in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Green/grey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pale brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pale red to pink |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinkish tint |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Light deep red brown or yellow-brown to brown or dark reddish-brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sapwood Color
| White |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Paler than heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White to yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Same as heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grain
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Weak (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Spiral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Crossed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Weak figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Spiral |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Spiral grain occasionally |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Occasionally interlocked, but not always |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Generally straight, but not always |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Figure shows rays |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Texture
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even or uniform |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Uniform |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Medium coarse to coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even textured |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wood has a waxy feel
Luster
Natural Growth Defects
| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Natural Durability
| Perishable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to insect attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to termites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Moderately durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood is moderately resistant to decay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The untreated heartwood is only moderately resistant to decay and should not be used in ground contact without adequate chemical protection.
Odor
| Unpleasent odor when freshly milled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No specific taste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Freshly-Milled wood has an unpleasant odor, which disappears upon seasoning
Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| T3 - C2 (4/4) ; T3 - C1 (8/4) US |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drying Defects
| Distortion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Moderate end spitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate cupping |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No resin/gum exudation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No twisting or warping |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate twist/warp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No cupping, generally |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| May cup and stain during drying |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low resistance to sawing, but freshly felled logs may split due to internal stresses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liable to stain.
Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rapidly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reconditioning Treatement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dries at a fairly rapid rate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Carefully controlled conditions required |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Naturally dries quickly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is fluted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Size
| Tree height is 10-20 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 0-10 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comments
Deposits - Pores are reported to contain white, gum-like deposits.
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The timber bores to produce clean surfaces.
Carving
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low resistance to sawing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly easy to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good gluing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to glue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mortises cleanly with ordinary machine tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Responds well to ordinary machine tools in moulding operations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly easy to mould |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nailing
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Holds nails well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to nail |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Splits occasionally during nailing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pre-boring recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Possible if prebored |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to plane |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Planes to a poor finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planed surfaces tend to be fibrous, but planing operations are generally easy.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Permeable heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood response to penetration and retention is adequate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is permeable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood is resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Responds well to hand tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate working qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good routing qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good sanding properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Screwing
| Pre-Boring is recommended in screwing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pre-Boring is recommended before screwing, especially in small materials
Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy to turn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Painting
Polishing
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Satisfactory results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Requires a filler |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planed surfaces are reported to often require considerable sanding and filling to yield a good polish.
Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8324 | 10695 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 529 | 821. | psi |
| Density | | 45 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 995 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3477 | 4191 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 882 | psi |
| Static Bending | 5409 | 8433. | psi |
| Stiffness | 1705 | 1749 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 8 | | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.62 | 0.73 | |
| Weight | 52 | 42 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 17 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 585 | 751 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 37 | 57. | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 721 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 451 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 244 | 294 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 62 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 380 | 592. | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 119 | 122 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.56 | | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.62 | 0.73 | |
| Weight | 833 | 673 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
References
Bootle, K.R.,1971,The Commercial Timbers of New South Wales and their use,Angus & Robertson (publishers) PTY Ltd
Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318.
Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Foxworthy, F.W.,1927,Commercial Timber Trees of the Malayan Peninsula,Malayan Forest Records 3
Grewal, G.S.,1979,Air seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers,Malaysia Forestry Department, Forest Service, Trade Leaflet No.41
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19
Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210
Lopez, D.T.,1982,Malaysian Timbers - Punah (Tetramensta glabra,Malaysia Forestry Department, Forest Service Malaysia Trade Leaflet No.59
Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Menon, K.D.,1958,Susceptibility of Commercial Species of Malayan Timbers to Powder-post,Beetle,Attack,Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet,no.27
Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary Industries
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Sarawak Forest Department,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Forest Department, Sarawak Leaflet No.13
Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau
Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee
Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73
Thomas, A.V.,1938,Timber Tests - Punah (Tetramerista glabira Mig,Malayan Forester 7(3) pp137-141
Walker, F.S.,1941,Resistance of Timbers to Marine Borer Attack,Malayan Forester 10(4) pp145-9
Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
