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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Corrosive Properties
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Arborvitae, British Columbia cedar, British Columbia red cedar, Canoe cedar, Giant arbor-vitae, Giant arborvitae, Giant cedar, Gigantic cedar, Pacific red cedar, Pacific redcedar, Red cedar, Shinglewood, Western arborvitae, Western cedar, Western red cedar, Western redcedar
Regions of Distribution
North America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Canada, United States
Common Uses
Beehives, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Canoes, Caskets, Casks, Coffins, Decks, Decorative veneer, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Figured veneer, Foundation posts, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Lifeboats, Light construction, Millwork, Packing cases, Paneling, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Porch columns, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Shakes, Sheathing, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Siding, Stakes, Utility poles, Vats, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Widespread |
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| May be rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery |
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| Globally secure |
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| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
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| Abundant |
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Distribution Overview
Western redcedar occurs in Alberta, British Columbia, Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington. It forms widespread forests with Western hemlock, and also with other conifers. It prefers moist, slightly acid soils. Western redcedar is also cultivated (from seedlings in nurseries) as a source of timber in Britain and France.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Green/grey |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Dark chocolate |
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| Black |
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The color ages to reddish brown and eventually to silver gray. The wood is much sought after for its 'weathered' appearance
Sapwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Narrow |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Sapwood width is seldom greater than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in mature trees
Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Even |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Non-durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Heartwood has high natural resistance to decay |
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| Good weathering characteristics |
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The wood has very good weathering characteristics, which makes it a very popular timber for exterior applications.
Western redcedar has very high natural resistance to decay because of large amounts of extractives. It performs very well in contact with the ground, under most climates, without any kind of preservative treatment. The mild winters in the British Isle are an exception, since they tend to promote decay. Seasoned Western redcedar wood is also susceptible to attack by the common furniture beetle.
Odor
| Has a characteristic cedary smell and a faint bitter taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Corrosive Properties
Toxicity
| Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals |
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| Sawdust can cause nose irritation in some individuals |
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| Respiratory effects |
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| Poisonous |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Prolonged exposure to dust from machining operations is reported to cause skin and nose irritation in some individuals.
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a moderate speed |
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| UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 |
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| Schedule J (4/4) United Kingdom |
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| Light T10 - B5 (4/4);T10 - B3 (8/4) US |
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| Heavy T5 - F4 (4/4); T5 - F3 (8/4) US |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Dry at a slow speed |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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Drying defects that may occur in this species (heavy Western cedar) include uneven moisture content, chemical brown stains, iron stains, honeycomb, water pockets and collapse. These defects are commonly associated with the presence of wetwood (sinker stock).
Red cedar is highly favored for riving shingles and shims since its straight grain allows it to be split easily and predictably.
Splitting
Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Variable |
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| Easy |
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| Variable results. |
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Thinner stock dries without difficulty and with minimum degrade, but thicker stock tends to be more difficult to dry.
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is unknown |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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The tree is described as often large to very large, producing a tapering trunk that is buttressed at the base. It produces a clear bole that is usually free from side branches for many feet up, which means the outer layers of the tree are knot free and clear. This feature is reported to make Western redcedar timber especially suitable for high-class joinery and woodwork
Product Sources
Although Western redcedar is still available at moderate to low prices, it is believed to be on its way to becoming scarce. Current demands are far greater than the time required for the tree to regenarate.
Comments
Corrosive Properties
General finishing qualities are rated as good
The wood is acidic and may cause metals, such as iron to corrode.
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Slight dulling effect on cutting tools |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Responds well to boring operations |
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Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Low resistance to sawing |
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Wood has a tendency to fray during cross-cutting
Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Excellent gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finishes well |
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| Easy to mortise |
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| Very good mortising characteristics |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Very good moulding properties |
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| Good finishing results |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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| Stable when seasoned |
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| Holds shape well after manufacture |
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Nailing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds satisfactorily |
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| Good resistance to splitting while nailing |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Excellent planing properties |
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Western Red Cedar is a very popular timber and is considered to be one of the major lumber species in the United States and Canada.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable heartwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Difficult to treat with preservatives |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Screwing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Satisfactory screwing finish |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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| Excellent screwing properties |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Very good |
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Veneering Qualities
| Diifficult to veneer |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Poor |
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Painting
Polishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Reacts with Iron to discolour wood |
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| Stains well |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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Western redcedar is highly suitable for ladder-poles because of its light weight, strength, straight grain, and freedom from knots. The wood is also known for its high rot resistance, and is a primary choice for shingles. It is also highly favored for siding, fenceposts, and other outdoor uses. The exceptionally light-weight wood is very strong. Its straight grain and moderate hardness are reported to combine to make it a very desirable material to work to very precise dimensions
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 5465 | 8271 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 255 | 485 | psi |
| Density | | 24 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 337 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 16 | 17 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 2438 | 4292 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 945 | psi |
| Static Bending | 3038 | 4998 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1016 | 1189 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 130 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.3 | 0.33 | |
| Weight | 24 | 24 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 384 | 581 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 17 | 34 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 384 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 152 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 40 | 43 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 171 | 301 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 66 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 213 | 351 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 71 | 83 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 149 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.49 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.3 | 0.33 | |
| Weight | 384 | 384 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Arno, J. 1989. Thuja plicata - Western redcedar. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 345-347.
Bendsten, B.A.,1972,Important Structural Properties of Four Western Softwoods: White Pine,,Sugar Pine, Western Redcedar, Port-Orford Cedar,USDA Forest Service Research Paper FPL191
Betts, H.S.,1945,American Woods - Western Red Cedar,USDA, Forest Service American Woods
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, London
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADA
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Canadian Forestry Service. 1981. Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Edlin, H.L. 1969. What Wood is That?: A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.
Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP
Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Little, E.L. 1980. The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region. Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.
Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479
Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd Edition
Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology, 4th Edition. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic Publishers
Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30
T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA
The Australian Timber Journal & Building Products, Merchandiser,1969,Timber Durability and Preservation,Supplement to Australian Timber Journal 35(4) Tech. Timb. Guide No.8
Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,Laboratory
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Western Wood Products Association. 19__. Softwoods of the Western USA. Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85
Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London
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