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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Plantation species?
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
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Common Names
Araucaria, Brazilian araucaria, Brazilian pine, Chilean pine, Curiy, Cury, Inho vermelho, Kuviy, Monkey puzzle tree, Parana pine, Pehuen, Pilon, Pin, Pinheiro, Pinheiro do Brasil, Pinheiro do Parana, Pinho, Pinho branco, Pinho brasileiro, Pinho brasilero, Pinho do Parana, Pino, Pino blanco, Pino Paraná
Plantation species?
Yes
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Latin America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, South Africa
Common Uses
Baskets, Beams, Bedroom suites, Blockboard, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Cutting surfaces, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Matches, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Tables, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable |
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| Endangered |
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| Endangered within most of its growth range (and may soon be Extinct if adverse environmental practices persist) |
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| Considered vulnerable in its natural habitat because its numbers are threatened by serious adverse factors throughout its range. However, the species likely exists today in relatively large numbers. |
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Southern Brazil contains fairly large numbers of young Parana pine.
Distribution Overview
Botanical distribution covers parts of Paraguay and Argentina and the Brazilian plateau region of Rio Grande do Sui, Santa Catharina, and Parana. Commercial exploitation has been centered in the State of Parana.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Highly variable |
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| Tan |
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| Orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Light tan |
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| Color varies considerably |
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Bright red streaks on a natural brown backround occassionally
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Grey |
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| Orange |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Slight grayish or dirty hue |
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| Similar to ponderosa pine in appearance |
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| Orange-Yellow to gray-yellow |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Distinct figure |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Close |
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| Fine |
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| Close, uniform texture and barely visible growth rings |
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The texture has been compared to that of White pine (P. strobus )
Luster
Natural Durability
| Non-durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Perishable |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non durable |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Vulnerable to attack by some insects, including powder post beetles |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack by other insects, including Anobium borers |
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| Perishable |
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| not resistant to decay |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=D US=T3D2/T3C1 |
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| T3-D2 (4/4);T3-D1 (8/4) US Schedule D (4/4) United Kingdom |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Checking |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| Streaks of abnormal wood tissue may promote warping and checking |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight tendency to spilt and distort during drying |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No resin/gum exudation |
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Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Variable |
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| Medium to High Shrinkage |
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| Slowly |
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| Requires special attention |
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| Difficult |
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| Moderate |
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| Variable results. |
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| Streaks of compression wood makes it difficult to dry |
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| Prolonged conditioning period and regular moisture content checks control variable drying rates |
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| Piles should be weighted to minimize warping |
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| Dries slowly and may be accompanied by excessice longitudinal shrinkage |
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Kiln Drying Rate
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Bole length is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
May contain moderate levels of compression wood
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Slight to moderate blunting effect on cutters |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Ripped or resawn boards may distort considerably if material contains compression wood |
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| Low resistance to cutting |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Mininum gluing is required since wider stock is usually available |
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| Good gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good finishing results |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Can be moulded or shped with mininum effort |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Medium |
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| Small |
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| Shrinks in length |
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| Medium movement in use |
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| High tendency to distort in reponse to changes in moisture content |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Nails without pre-boring |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Excellent nail-holding qualitites |
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| Easy to nail |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Easy to plane but can distort considerably if compression wood is present |
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| Difficult to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Sapwood is treatable |
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| Moderately permeable to preservative treatment |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Produces smooth surfaces |
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| Produces clean surfaces |
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| Easily sanded |
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Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Steam Bending
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor steam bending characteristics |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Fairly good polishing characteristics |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Accepts various types of stains well |
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Varnishing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good results |
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| Responds equally well to a variety of finishes |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Work to Maximum Load |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Toughness (total work) = very low |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Resists wearing and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Medium weight |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness = medium |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Parana pine has higher strength and hardness properties than most softwoods. Bending strength of air-dried wood of the species is similar to that of Teak, which is considered to be strong. Strength in compression parallel to grain is in the high range. Other species in this range include Teak, White oak, and Hard maple. it is as dense as Loblolly and Shortleaf pines, and just as strong. Its machining properties compare favorably with most North American softwoods, and it combines the strength and hardness of the Yellow pines with the easy working qualities of the White pines.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 7948 | 13046 | psi |
| Density | | 34 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 843 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 23 | 24 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4028 | 6894 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1753 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1361 | 1552 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 130 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 11 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.39 | 0.46 | |
| Weight | 32 | 25 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
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| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
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| Bending Strength | 558 | 917 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 544 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 382 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 58 | 60 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 283 | 484 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 123 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 95 | 109 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 149 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.63 | 0.77 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.39 | 0.46 | |
| Weight | 512 | 400 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Arno, J. 1989. Araucaria angustifolia - Parana-pine. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 44-45.
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods -Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
British Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Dallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. London
Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G.M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic Publishers
T.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet No.61 Parana Pine (Araucaria angustifolia,TRADA Timber Leaflet
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
The Australian Timber Journal & Building Products, Merchandiser,1969,Timber Durability and Preservation,Supplement to Australian Timber Journal 35(4) Tech. Timb. Guide No.8
Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,Laboratory
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1952,Foreign Woods Imported into the U.S.,F.P.L. Madison Rep., No. R1903-12
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook - Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
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