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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Nailing Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Scientific Name Aegle marmelos Trade Name Bael Family Name Rutaceae Common Names Bael, Baelo, Baeltree, Bel, Bela, Belana, Bil, Bila patri, Bilapatri, Bili, Hpunja, Koovalam, Kovalam, Kuvalam, Lohagasi, Mahaka, Mahika, Maika, Mak-pyin, Maradu, Marat, Maredu, Marmeleiro-da-India, Marudu, Okshit, Patir, Singjo, The bael tree, Vilva, Vilvam Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burma, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Furniture, Heavy construction, Light construction, Poles, Posts, Tool handles, Vehicle parts Heartwood Color Yellow Green/grey Orange Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Brown Sapwood Color Yellow White to yellow Same as heartwood Grain Figure Straight Even Other (figure) Growth rings (figure) Straight Other figure Clear growth rings (figure) Texture Fine Fine Luster Low Lustrous Natural Growth Defects Yellowish deposits in vessels Natural Durability Moderately durable Resistant to termites Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Non durable Moderately durable Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Splitting Checking Distortion Moderate twist/warp Moderate cupping Ease of Drying Slowly Difficult Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries at a moderate speed Tree Identification Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is fluted Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Blunting Effect Little Boring Fairly easy to very easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Permeable sapwood Response to Hand Tools Moderate working qualities Difficult to machine Routing & Recessing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to turn Polishing Satisfactory results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Max. crushing strength = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7711 12078 psi Density 55 lbs/ft3 Impact Strength 22 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6397 psi Stiffness 1188 1383 1000 psi Weight 54 43 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 542 849 kg/cm2 Density 881 kg/m3 Impact Strength 55 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 275 449 kg/cm2 Stiffness 83 97 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 865 689 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % References Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Freitas, M.C.P.G. de,1963,Maderas da India Portuguesa,Lisbon Mem. Junta de Invest. do Ultramar,No.47 Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Sweet, C.V.,1922,Further experiments in the air-seasoning of Indian timbers and general,recommendations as to seasoning methods.,Indian Forest Records IX part V, Delhi, India