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Blunting Effect
Boring
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Family Name
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
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Common Names
Bael, Baelo, Baeltree, Bel, Bela, Belana, Bil, Bila patri, Bilapatri, Bili, Hpunja, Koovalam, Kovalam, Kuvalam, Lohagasi, Mahaka, Mahika, Maika, Mak-pyin, Maradu, Marat, Maredu, Marmeleiro-da-India, Marudu, Okshit, Patir, Singjo, The bael tree, Vilva, Vilvam
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Burma, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Furniture, Heavy construction, Light construction, Poles, Posts, Tool handles, Vehicle parts
Heartwood Color
| Yellow |
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| Green/grey |
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| Orange |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| White to cream |
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| Brown |
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Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
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| White to yellow |
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| Same as heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Even |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Other figure |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Texture
Luster
Natural Growth Defects
| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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Natural Durability
| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Non durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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Kiln Schedules
Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Moderate cupping |
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Ease of Drying
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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Blunting Effect
Boring
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Nailing
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Polishing
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
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| Bending Strength | 7711 | 12078 | psi |
| Density | | 55 | lbs/ft3 |
| Impact Strength | | 22 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3916 | 6397 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1188 | 1383 | 1000 psi |
| Weight | 54 | 43 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
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| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
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| Bending Strength | 542 | 849 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 881 | kg/m3 |
| Impact Strength | | 55 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 275 | 449 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 83 | 97 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Weight | 865 | 689 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press
Freitas, M.C.P.G. de,1963,Maderas da India Portuguesa,Lisbon Mem. Junta de Invest. do Ultramar,No.47
Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London
Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9
Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols
Sweet, C.V.,1922,Further experiments in the air-seasoning of Indian timbers and general,recommendations as to seasoning methods.,Indian Forest Records IX part V, Delhi, India
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