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Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Luster Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Scientific Name Avicennia nitida Trade Name Admaatso Family Name Verbenaceae Synonyms Avicennia africana, Avicennia germinans, Avicennia marina Common Names Admaatso, Afia nungun, Amutsi, Api-api, Appi appi, Arbol de sal, Arbol de sol, Asokoro, Asokplo, Asoporo, Asudur, Black mangrove, Blacktree, Blackwood, Boango, Bois du meche, Caemb, Cativo bastardo, Cepate, Ceruiba, Chifle de Vaca, Ciriuba, Columno, Courida, Culumate, Ede, Esukuru, Green turtle bough, Huapira, Ishtaten, Istaten, Kausia, Limewood, Madre de sal, Mangle amarillo, Mangle blanco, Mangle bobo, Mangle boton, Mangle iguanero, Mangle negro, Mangle prieto, Mangle puyeque, Mangle salado, Mangle salsa, Manglecito, Manglesito, Manglier noir, Mangue amarello, Mutukuteo, Ogbun, Olive mangrove, Orozuz, Paletuvier blanc, Palo de sal, Palo de sol, Pariva, Parwa, Poyeque, Renggou, Sal pond, Salt pond, Suriubo ishtalen, Thame, White mangrove Regions of Distribution Africa, Central America, Latin America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Belize, Brazil, Burma, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Philippines, Suriname, Thailand, United States, Venezuela Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Toys, Vats, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction Heartwood Color Brown White Green/grey Brown Dark brown Black Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Pale red to pink Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color Brown White White to yellow Different than heartwood Well defined Grain Figure Other (figure) Interlocked Stripe (figure) Distinct (figure) Other figure Interlocked Striped figure Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Coarse Fine Luster Medium Slightly lustrous Lustrous Dull Natural Durability Perishable Non-durable Non durable Very durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Moderately durable Durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Toxicity Unspecified toxicity Drying Defects Slight twist/warp Moderate surface checking Ease of Drying Easy Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 0-10 m Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Easy to glue Movement in Service Large Stable Nailing Possible if prebored Planing Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Difficult to machine Screwing Possible if prebored Strength Properties Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Hardness (side grain) = hard Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = small Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11442 17761 psi Density 57 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2318 lbs Stiffness 2167 2494 1000 psi Weight 56 45 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 804 1248 kg/cm2 Density 913 kg/m3 Hardness 1051 kg Stiffness 152 175 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 897 721 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 5 % References Acosta-Solis, M.,1960,Maderas Economicas del Ecuador y sus Usos,Editorial Casa de la Culhra Ecuatoriana Quito Arroyo, P.,1970,Propiedades y Usos Posibles de los Mangles de la Region del Rio San Juan,en,la Reserva de Guarapiche (Estado Mohagas,Inst. Forestal Latino-Am. de Invest. Venezuala Boletin, No.33-34 Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Britton, N.L., Millspaugh, C.F.,1920,The Bahama Flora,Britton & Millspaugh,New York Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1 Fors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La Habara Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249 Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98 Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain Trinidad Marshall, R.C.,1939,Silviculture of the trees of Trinidad and Tobago - British West Indies,O.U.P.,London Pennington, T.D., Sarukhan, J.,1968,Manual para la Identificacion de campo de los Principales Arboles,Tropicales de Mexico,Inst. Nac. Inv. For. Mexico Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press Record, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47 Schiffino, J.,1945,Riqueza Forestal Dominicana (Three volumes,Secretaria de Estado de Agric. Ind. y Trabajo Surinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest Service Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29 Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.