Clicking
any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back
to this top position.
Use the following links to
jump to the associated section in the main data.
Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
| |
Common Names
Bois de zebre, Bossona, Bototo, Coubaril, Gateado, Gomavel, Goncalo alves, Guarabu bata, Guarabu encirado, Guarabu rajado, Gusanero, Jejuira, Kingwood, Locustwood, Muira, Muiraquatiara, Mura, Rajado branco, Red astronium, Robel gateado, Sangue, Tigerwood, Urunday, Urunday-para, Yoke, Zebrawood, Zorrowood
Regions of Distribution
Latin America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela
Common Uses
Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boat building, Bobbins, Bows, Bridge construction, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Decorative veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Jewelry box, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Paneling , Paneling, Piling, Plywood, Posts, Railroad ties, Shutters, Sporting Goods, Toys, Turnery, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Status has not been officially assessed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distribution Overview
The area of natural distribution is from Mexico through Central America to Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay. It is found at altitudes ranging from 150 to 1000 m but is most common at 500-600 m. It grows in areas with annual rainfall of 1200-3000 mm and temperatures of 24-27.5°C in both dry and humid tropical forests. It does not tolerate waterlogging or heavy clay soils. Best growth is obtained on lighter soils with less than 40% clay, neutral pH and good drainage.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Black |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Purple |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Reddish brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pale brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dark brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Light golden brown to reddish brown, with irregularly spaced blackish brown streaks |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Black |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sapwood Color
| White |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Green/Grey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Grey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Well defined |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| White to yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Paler than heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dirty gray or brownish-white |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Different than heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clearly distinct from heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is about 2 to 4 inches (5 to 10 cm) wide
Grain
| Figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mottled (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Closed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stripe (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Irregular |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mottled figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Striped figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Other figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Irregular |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Wood has alternating bands of hard and soft tissue, and a mottled figure similar to that of Rosewood is occasionally present .
Texture
| Fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fine to medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luster
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pronounced |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium to dull luster |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Natural Growth Defects
Natural Durability
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to insect attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack by beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Used for boat building and general construction
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a moderate speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dry at a slow speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drying Defects
| Checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distortion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Moderate twist/warp |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Raid air-drying rates may cause excessive warping and checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate spring/bow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Thick Stock Requires Care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dries slowly to prevent degrade |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Naturally dries slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bark width is 10-15 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Narrow flanged buttresses that are about 4 to 6 feet (1.2 to 1.8 m) high. It develops well-formed cylindrical boles that are often clear for about two-thirds or more of the total height of the tree.
Certified Source
Substitutes
| Used to produce knife handles as a subsitute for Cocbolo (Dalbergia) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Used for a subsitute for the production of bobbins |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
This hard and heavy wood possesses strength properties that are similar to those of American dogwood (Cornus florida )
Comments
Durable
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Lesser known species from Central and South America
One of the most beautiful tropical woods
Strong
Suited primarily for construction and secondarily for fine furniture
Tough
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boring
| Fair to good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Twist drills should be avoided because they cause breakouts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| To avoid burning, a slower speed (about 250 rpm) has been recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bradpoint bits and using a back board under tdrilled material can minimize tearout |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Back drill out periodically during deep drilling is also recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Start with medium-cut burrs and progress to fine ones is recommended since coarse burrs tend to chip the wood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Power carving tools with carbide-tipped burrs are essential |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Rip-Profile blade with a maximum of 28 teeth is recommended for ripping to allow sawdust to clear and to prevent charring from heat buildup |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Requires power tools with carbide-tipped blades and cutters to work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Highly figured wood should be crosscut with the help of a backing board to prevent tearout |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hard, heavy and dense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gluing
| Surface Preparation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Carefully Controlled Conditions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Use glues with a longer open time, such as woodworker's white glue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Surface should be pre-treated with a solvent to clear natural extractives |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gluing is often difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Apply light coat, brief joining of pieces, separating the pieces and allowing the glue to partially set and then rejoining the pieces |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cutting angle of 15 degrees is recommended for best results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Movement in Service
| Small movement under actual use conditions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dimensionally stable after proper seasoning |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nailing
| Pre-Boring Recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Pre-boring recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Straight-Grained wood can be fed into the planer at a 90 degree angle |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slow feeding rates have been recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shallower cuts are suggested if any tearout occurs during planing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting angle of 15 degrees is recommended due to alternating bands of hard and soft material as well as irregular and interlocked grain |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Very high resistance to chemical impregnation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to Work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Difficult to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate working qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Bits with ball bearing pilots, a consistent feed rate, and shallower passes have been suggested for best reults |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Use a cabinet scraper and sanding with the grain for best results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Generally easy to sand |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Extra attention should be paid to grits since avoiding them may leave scratches that are difficult to remove |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Very good screw holding qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Screws should be lubricated for easier operations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Turns easily with sharp tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Highly figured material requires care to prevent tearout |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to turn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Difficult to glue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Can sometimes be sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steam Bending
| Unsuitable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Generally unsuitable for steam bending |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Polishes very easily |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No grain filling is required and a clear finish is suggested to enhance the beauty of the wood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Finishes very easily |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu.ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = >75 lbs/cu. ft |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very high density |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = very high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 11442 | 18704 | psi |
| Density | | 60 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2318 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 7944 | 11203 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2745 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2304 | 2600 | 1000 psi |
| Weight | 63 | 57 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 804 | 1315 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 961 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 1051 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 558 | 787 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 192 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 161 | 182 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Weight | 1009 | 913 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
References
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant, and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Constantine, Jr. A.J. 1975. Know your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition, Revised by Harry J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner and Sons, New York.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1992. Good Wood Handbook - The Wood worker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. HarperCollins Publishers, London
Kline, M. 1979. Astronium fraxinifolium - Goncalo alves. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 54.
Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Kryn, J.M.,1952,Goncalo Alves - Astronium fraxinifolium Schott, and Astronium graveolens,Jacq., including var. Planchonianum (A.planchonianum Engl.) Family,Anacardiaceae,Foreign Woods Information Leaflet, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest,Service U.S. Department of Agriculture
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Patterson, D. 1988. Commercial Timbers of the World. Fifth Edition. Gower Technical Press, Aldershot, UK. ix + 339 pp.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Wood Magazine. 1995. Goncalo alves - Prized for its Beauty, Harvested for its Durability. Compiled with Woodworker Tom Etreses and Woodturner Gary Zeff in Wood Magazine, August 1995. Page 37-38.
Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|