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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Movement in Service Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities Scientific Name Eucryphia cordifolia Trade Name Elm Family Name Eucryphiaceae Common Names Elm, Gnulgu, Huermo, Muermo, Nirrhe, Roble de Chile, Ulmo Regions of Distribution Latin America Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Chile Common Uses Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Cabinetmaking, Flooring, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Mine timbers, Oars, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Railroad ties, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer Heartwood Color Yellow Orange Brown Red Black Pink Reddish brown Brown Greenish to greyish Pale brown Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure Sapwood Color White Yellow Brown Red Green/Grey Paler than heartwood Same as heartwood Grain Straight Figure Even Growth rings (figure) Straight Clear growth rings (figure) Texture Medium Fine Coarse Fine Luster Low Pronounced Natural Durability Very durable Susceptible to insect attack Durable Resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to termites Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Moderately durable Non durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Kiln Schedules UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Checking Severe twisting/warping Severe surface checking No surface checking Moderate twist/warp Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Difficult Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Bole length is 10-20 m Bole length is 0-10 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Boring Fairly easy to very easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Movement in Service Stable Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is permeable Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to machine Moderate working qualities Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Easy to cut Steam Bending Very good response to preservative treatment Polishing Fair to Good Results Good results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = very soft Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7711 12078 psi Density 40 lbs/ft3 Hardness 769 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 4513 7107 psi Shearing Strength 1989 psi Stiffness 1212 1409 1000 psi Weight 39 31 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 542 849 kg/cm2 Density 641 kg/m3 Hardness 348 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 317 499 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 139 kg/cm2 Stiffness 85 99 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 624 496 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % References Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series Chilean Forestry News,1978,Chilean Woods Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia Cav,Chilean Forestry News (1)12 p.14 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4 Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA] Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series