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Blunting Effect
Boring
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Baillonella djave, Baillonella obovata
Common Names
Adjap
Adza
African pearwood
Ayap
Cungulo
Dimpampi
Djava
Djave
Kungulu
Moabi
Muabi
Mudia
Muyabi
Mwabi
Nduku wa dijondo
Ngulube
Njabi
Njari
Nyabi
Orere
Ulumba
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Zaire
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Construction, Decorative veneer, Figured veneer, Fixtures, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Railroad ties, Skis, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Woodwork
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Status unknown in many of its growth areas |
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| Generally secure within its natural habitat |
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Distribution Overview
Moabi occurs mainly in Cameroon, Gabon and Nigeria, and is also found in Angola, Congo and Equatorial Guinea. The monotypic genus Baillonella is endemic to the Guineo-Congolian region. B. toxisperma is limited to dense primary evergreen rain forests. It requires shade for regeneration to occur.
Heartwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Red |
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| Green/grey |
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| Brown |
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| Orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Pale brown |
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| Reddish-Brown to rich red, sometimes with a grayish tinge |
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| Brown, red, dark reddish brown with nearly black stripes after prolonged exposure |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Red |
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| Pinkish |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Pinkish white, gray brown, or dark gray to pinkish gray |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Clearly delineated from heartwood |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Even |
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| Closed |
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| Mottled (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight to interlocked |
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| Mottled figure |
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| Interlocked slightly to moderately |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Pronounced |
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| Lustrous |
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| Highly lustrous |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to attack by fungi and wood boring insects |
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| In marine applications this species is slightly resistant to marine borers, i.e. shipworms and gribble |
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| Exceptional resistance to harmful effects of weather |
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Well suited for exterior applications such as sidings and shingles
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Silica Content
| Siliceous |
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| Highly siliceous |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Sawdust can cause nose irritation in some individuals |
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| Sawdust can cause eye irritation |
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| Residue remaining after extraction is toxic to animals |
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Seeds produced by the tree are reported to yield an edible oil similar to shea butter, but the residue remaining after extraction is toxic to animals.
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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| UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| May twist and distort |
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| Low drying stresses |
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| Distortion is seldom a problem |
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| Areas around knots may be subject to slight splitting |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Dries at a moderate to slow rate, but without too much difficulty |
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Its volumetric shrinkage is in the same range as Black walnut
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is unknown |
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| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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Trunk diameters are 72 to 120 inches (1.8 to 3 m) and old trees may be swollen at the base
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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| High dulling effect on cutting tools |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Good boring qualitites |
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| Easy |
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| Dulls cutters rapidly due to silica content |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Tool edges dull rapidly |
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| Saws well |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Glues well |
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Mortising
| Easy to mortise |
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| Finishes well |
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Moulding
| Easy to mould |
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| Good finishing results |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Retains shape very well after manufacture |
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| Medium |
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| Dimensionally stable after proper seasoning |
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Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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| Satisfactory nail-holding properties |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Difficult to nail |
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Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Works easily in most machining opeations but silica tends to quickly dull cutting edges |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| A cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Extremely resistant to preservative treatment |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Responds rather poorly to hand tools |
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| Peel and slice easily because they are typically well-formed and not very hard |
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For large projects requiring hand shaping, a similar and closely related African species, Makore (Tieghemella ), is suggested.
Sanding
| Easy to sand |
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| Good sanding finish |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Possible if prebored |
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Turning
| Easy to turn |
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| Responds very well in turning due to its fine texture and low tendency to distort |
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Veneering Qualities
| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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Steam Bending
| Good |
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| Good steam bending properties |
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Painting
| Good results |
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| Good painting characteristics |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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| Good finishing characteristics |
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| Fairly good polishing characteristics |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
| Varnishes well |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Very heavy |
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| Very dense |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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It is far superior in strength to either Teak or Hard maple. It has been compared to the North American Hickories (Carya ) in hardness and other strength properties, and is one-and-a-half times as dense as Black walnut (Juglans nigra ).
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 14598 | 22134 | psi |
| Density | | 51 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1790 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 15 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6473 | 10047 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1989 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1820 | 2225 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.63 | 0.7 | |
| Weight | 49 | 40 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 1026 | 1556 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 817 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 811 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 38 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 455 | 706 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 139 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 127 | 156 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.63 | 0.7 | |
| Weight | 785 | 641 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
References
Arno, J. 1991. Baillonella toxisperma - Moabi. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portlan, Maine. 1994. Page 55-56.
Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Bertin, A., Meniaud, J.,1949,Timbers of the Cameroons,Compagnie Francais du Cameroon,(Transl. by F.Jane)
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1956,Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,no.45, pp27-36
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1976,Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma,Bois et Forets Tropiques,n0.169, pp37-49
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Fortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, Canada
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
Freitas, M.C.P.G. de,1961,Madeiras de Angola Series 1,Reprint from Garcia de Orta Lisbon,9(4,pp699-711
Gutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Nelson, R.E.,1960,Silk-oak in Hawaii ..... pest or potential timber?,Pacific South-West Forest and Range Exp. Station, Berkeley, California,,Misc. paper 47
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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