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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Silica Content
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
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Common Names
Chengai, Chengai batu, Chengal, Chi-nga mas, Chingal, Karakong, Kong, Mindanao narek, Narek, Penak, Penak bunga, Penak lilin, Penak sabut, Penak tambaga, Takhian chan, Takhian chan ta maeo, Takian-chan, Takien chan, Taknian chan tamaeo, Tjengal
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Indonesia, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Thailand
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Canoes, Casks, Construction, Cooperages, Crossties, Decks, Dockwork, Door, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture, Handles: general, Harbor work, Heavy construction, Joinery, Lifeboats, Light construction, Marine construction, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stakes, Tool handles, Utility poles, Vats, Vehicle parts
Environmental Profile
| Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range |
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Distribution Overview
Indomalesia (Malay peninsula), particularly in Thailand.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Green/grey |
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| Dark brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Purple |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale yellow brown with a distinct green tinge |
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| Exposure changes it to dark brown or dark reddish or purplish-brown |
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Sapwood Color
| Brown |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Pale yellow or white |
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| Clearly distinct from heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Even |
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| Closed |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Interlocked |
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| Striped figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Straight |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Interlocked slightly to moderately |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Fine to medium and even |
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Luster
| Lustrous |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Dull |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Whitish deposits in vessels |
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| Often rotten, and may well contain a gallery from a large wood boring insect |
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Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Very resistant to decay |
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| Very resistant to attack by termites |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack by marine borers |
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| Strength properties are seldom affected by holes in wood by pinborer attacks |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Exceptional resistance to harmful effects of weather |
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The living tree is usually attacked by pin-borers which leave small holes in the wood
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Silica Content
Resin Content
| Has resin canals, arranged in tangential series |
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| Contains resin |
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Resin canals are often filled with white resin and plugged with tyloses
Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 |
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| T2-C2 (4/4) US |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Expect resin/gum exudation |
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| Surface checking is a common drying degrade |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Difficult |
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| Easy |
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| Air drying recommended to precede kiln drying |
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| Air dries slowly with low shrinkage |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
The tree is large, with boles that are typically well-shaped and clear
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Good wearing qualitites, and is highly suited for industrial flooring
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Slight blunting effect on cutting tools |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Easy |
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| Good boring qualitites |
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Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Saws may become gummy from resin in the wood |
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| Low resistance to cutting |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good gluing properties |
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| Easy to glue |
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Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
| Stable |
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| Retains shape well after seasoning |
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| Good dimensional stability and shows little movement in use |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Requires pre-boring |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Accepts thin nails well |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Resin may adhere to tools |
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| Planes a smooth surfaces |
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| 20 degree angle is recommended to minimize torn grain in quartersawn stock containing interlocked material |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Extremely resistant to preservative treatment |
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Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to machine |
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| Responds well to hand tools |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Produces smooth surfaces |
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| Produces clean surfaces |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Painting
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Poor results |
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| Material takes a high polish |
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Staining
| Stained effectively |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Requires care especially when resin is present |
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| Poor turning properties |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Very high density |
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| Very heavy |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = very high |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hard |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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It is far stronger, for example, than Hard maple, White oak, or Teak. It is hard and superior to Teak and probably Mahogany
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 16950 | 23930 | psi |
| Density | | 56 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2247 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 47 | 53 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 8705 | 11664 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2296 | psi |
| Static Bending | 11084 | 12152 | psi |
| Stiffness | 2459 | 2792 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 18 | 20 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.66 | 0.78 | |
| Weight | 58 | 55 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 1191 | 1682 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 897 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 1019 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 119 | 134 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 612 | 820 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 161 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 779 | 854 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 172 | 196 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 1.26 | 1.40 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.66 | 0.78 | |
| Weight | 929 | 881 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Balan Menon, P.K.,1958,Uses of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 21(1) pp34-44
Balan Menon, P.K.,1967,The structure and identification of Malayan woods,Malyasia Forestry Department, Forestry Research Institute, Malayan Forest,Records,No.25
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Bryce, J. and Kitambi, G.,1960,The Air-drying Properties of some Tanganyika Timbers Technical Note No 23,Tanganyika Forest Department Utilisation Division Technical Note
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. The Malayan Forester, 28(30):315-318.
Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15
Flemmioh, C.O.,1959,Timber Utilization in Malaysia,Malayan Forest Records 13, Govt. Printer Singapore
Foxworthy, F.W.,1927,Commercial Timber Trees of the Malayan Peninsula,Malayan Forest Records 3
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Kloot, N.H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 12, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.
Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210
Smitinand, T., Et al,1980,A Manual of Diplerocarpaceae of Mainland South-East Asia,Forest Department, Thailand
Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73
Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, Thailand
Symington, C.F.,1943,Foresters manual of Dipterocarps,Malaysia Forest Record,No.16
Thomas, A.V.,1934,Results of mechanical and physical tests on fully air dried timbers,Malayan Forester 3 pp15-17
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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