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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Luster Natural Durability Numerical Data References Regions of Distribution Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Scientific Name Trewia nudiflora Trade Name Gota gamar Family Name Euphorbiaceae Common Names Gota gamar, Gutel, Ma-fo, Malam kumbil, Mera, Nai kumbil, Pambara kumbil, Pita gola, Pitali, Sanna thuvarei Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Bangladesh, Burma, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boxes and crates, Carvings, Light construction, Matches, Musical instruments: percussion, Plywood, Textile equipment Heartwood Color Red Brown Pink White to cream Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color White Yellow Same as heartwood Grain Even Straight Straight Texture Fine Medium Fine Luster Slightly lustrous Lustrous Dull Natural Durability Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-durable Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to marine borers Resistant to powder post beetles Non durable Moderately durable Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Moderately Difficult to Difficult Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Response to Hand Tools Easy to machine Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Max. crushing strength = low Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 4310 6606 psi Density 26 lbs/ft3 Hardness 657 lbs Impact Strength 22 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 1432 2675 psi Shearing Strength 882 psi Stiffness 1017 1199 1000 psi Weight 25 23 lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 303 464 kg/cm2 Density 416 kg/m3 Hardness 298 kg Impact Strength 55 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 100 188 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 62 kg/cm2 Stiffness 71 84 1000 kg/cm2 References Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Mohammed Mohiuddin,1990,Wood Anatomy of six low density Hardwoods (Alstonia scholaris,,Anthocephalus chinensis, Bombax ceiba, Bombax insigne, Excoecaria,agallocha and Trewia nudiflora) of Bangladesh,Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bulletin 9 Wood Anatomy,Series Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Sekhar, A.C., Negi, G.S.,1962,A note on physical and mechanical properties of Trevia nudiflora (gutel,Indian Forester 88(5) pp376-7 Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia