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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Scientific Name Xymalos monospora Trade Name Bogabog Family Name Monimiaceae Synonyms Xymalos ugandensis Common Names Bogabog, Chebanatit, Dimu, Kiptassi, Kiptelde, Lemon, Lemonwood, Limoenhout, Mburuno, Mburvno, Mfuru, Mkaliakisumu, Muako, Munyamazhanhi, Murendetti, Muvheti, Nyagazani, Omuhotora, Serweriet, Umveti, Wild lemon Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burundi, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe Common Uses Agricultural implements, Beehives, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts Heartwood Color Yellow Brown Orange Green/grey Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Brown Sapwood Color Brown Yellow Same as heartwood Grain Distinct (figure) Figure Straight Even Distinct figure Straight Texture Fine Medium Fine Medium Natural Durability Non-durable Durable Moderately durable Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to termites Resistant to powder post beetles Non durable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Durable Kiln Schedules Dry at a slow speed UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1 Drying Defects Collapse Internal Honeycombing Possible Checking Splitting Moderate collapse and honeycombing Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Slowly Difficult Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Tree Size Tree height is 20-30 m Tree height is 10-20 m Bole length is 0-10 m Sapwood width is 0-5 cm Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Blunting Effect Little Moderate Blunting effect on machining is slight Blunting effect on machining is moderate Boring Fairly easy to very easy Easy Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Mortising Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Finishes well Easy to mortise Moulding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good finishing results Easy to mould Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Medium Nailing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to nail Holds nails well Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Easy to plane Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is moderately resistant Resistance to Splitting Good Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results Easy to turn Polishing Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Satisfactory results Good results Varnishing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 6111 9589 psi Density 35 lbs/ft3 Hardness 995 lbs Impact Strength 28 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6397 psi Shearing Strength 1560 psi Stiffness 1188 1383 1000 psi Weight 34 27 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 7 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 429 674 kg/cm2 Density 560 kg/m3 Hardness 451 kg Impact Strength 71 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 275 449 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 109 kg/cm2 Stiffness 83 97 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 544 432 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % References Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48 Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal] Battiscombe, E.,1926,A Descriptive Catalogue of some of the Common Trees and Woody Plants of,Kenya Colony,Crown Agents for the Colonies London Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Brenan, J.P.M., Greenway, P.J.,1949,Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford No.5 Tanganyika Territories Part 2 Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda Goldsmith, B., Carter, D.T.,1981,The Indigenous Timbers of Zimbabwe,Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No.9 Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi. Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1 Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36 Sim, T.R.,1921,Native Trees of South Africa,Union of South Africa Department of Mines and Industries Memoir No.3 Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Xymalos monospora (lemonwood.mburuno,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1 Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya