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Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Light-Induced Color Change Luster Mortising Moulding Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Staining Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities Scientific Name Bischofia javanica Trade Name Bishopwood Family Name Euphorbiaceae Common Names Aidumu, Akagi, Akan, Akayan, Apalang, Aukkyu, Autumn male tree, Ayuni, Bagna, Bangu, Beefwood, Bembuk, Bhillar, Bino, Bintoengan, Bintungan, Biscoptra, Bishofsholz, Bishop wood, Bishopwood, Bisschophout, Bitug, Boaungza, Bogaungsa, Bois de l'eveque, Boke, Bolzuru, Bumbuk, Bunian, Cholavenga, Cingkam, Dampol, Digahongon, Duag, Dueg, Gadog, Gelintungan, Gerinjing, Gerondjing, Gerunjing, Gintoeng, Gintung, Gintungan, Glintungan, Gobra nairul, Govarnellu, Hka-shatawi, Ie, Inggedi, Irum, Java cedar, Jitang, Joki, Kaen, Kainjal, Kalmote, Katan, Kaurem, Kein, Kerindjing, Kerinjing, Keyawe, Ki mahoeng, Ko, Koka, Kola, Korsa, Kot-semla, Kundjing, Kunjing, Kywetho, Legno di vescono, Madera de obispo, Malachithiyan, Malachithiyani, Mandos, Mangatu, Manoko, Maritek, Milachithayam, Modagerri vembu, Na, Nannal, Needlebark, Nhoi, Nili-mara, Nira, Noar, Oa, Oha'a, Oli oli, Panaila, Panasan, Paniala, Perabu, Pogaungsa, Polo, Pun, Sekutin, Sikam, Singkam, Sinong, Taisoh, Tanarem, Taua, Tayok-the, Tepala, Terangan, Term, Thirippu, Thiripu, Thondi, Thrippu, Tingkam, Tingkem, Tingkeum, Toe, Toog, Toogen, Tou, Tuai, Tual, Tuan, Tuel, Tui, Tuir, Tuog, Ulayan, Umba, Uriam, Urian, Urum, Watung, Ye-padauk Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Burma, China, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, India, Indonesia, Korea-North, Korea-South, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam Common Uses Agricultural implements, Balusters, Beams, Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Structural work, Tool handles, Turnery Environmental Profile Status unknown in many of its growth areas Secure in many areas of its range Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within significant parts of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka to Australia. Widely distributed Indo-Malayan species extending into the Philippines, Korea, and Polynesia. Common along streams at low and medium altitudes. Heartwood Color Brown Red Black Reddish brown Red Purple Dark brown Dark brown Purplish red brown Dark purple brown upon exposure Sapwood Color Pinkish Clearly differentiated from the heartwood Different than heartwood White to yellow Paler than heartwood Light reddish brown Grain Interlocked Straight Figure Even Closed Wavy Stripe (figure) Distinct (figure) Interlocked Straight Wavy Striped figure Distinct figure Texture Medium Coarse Fine to medium Medium Medium coarse to coarse Luster Lustrous Dull Slightly lustrous Natural Durability Durable Resistant to termites Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to powder post beetles Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Moderately durable Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Perishable Susceptible to marine borer attack Non durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Species from the Philippines and Fiji Islands are rated as perishable and durable, respectively. Odor No specific smell or taste Light-Induced Color Change Darker Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Drying Defects Splitting Checking Severe twisting/warping Severe surface checking Moderate twist/warp Slight end splitting Slight surface checking Moderate surface checking Moderate collapse and honeycombing Severe cupping Severe collapse and honeycomb Moderate end spitting No surface checking Moderate cupping Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Slowly Difficult Dries rapidly with little degrade Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is misshapen Tree Size Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 40-50 m Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Sapwood width is 15-20 cm Comments A lesser-known-species from South-east Asia. General finishing qualities are rated as good Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate Gluing Good properties Mortising Good mortising properties Finishes well Moulding Poor to Very Poor Results Oulding characteristics are rated as good. Planing Poor to Very Poor Results Planes well, to a good finish Good planing properties Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is extremely resistant Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is permeable Heartwood permeability to preservative chemicals varies and depends on the origin of the wood Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Sanding Good sanding qualities Good sanding finish Turning Good results Good results Veneering Qualities There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Good gluing qualities Easy to cut Polishing Fair to Good Results Smooth finish Staining Stains well Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Bending strength (MOR) = medium Dnesity (dry wieght) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Resists denting and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Heavy Hardness = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Density = high Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = very low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 7603 14515 psi Crushing Strength 1051 1394 psi Density 43 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1529 lbs Impact Strength 23 27 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3665 6928 psi Shearing Strength 2162 psi Static Bending 4572 7652 psi Stiffness 1160 1595 1000 psi Toughness 147 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.51 0.63 Weight 51 44 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 12 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 534 1020 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 73 98 kg/cm2 Density 689 kg/m3 Hardness 693 kg Impact Strength 58 68 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 257 487 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 152 kg/cm2 Static Bending 321 538 kg/cm2 Stiffness 81 112 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 169 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.51 0.63 Weight 817 705 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Aguilar, L.,1941,Relative Durability of Untreated Philippine woods,The Philippine Journal of Forestry 4(3) pp247-56 Alston, A.S.,1966,Natural Heartwood Durability,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No. 2 Alston, A.S.,1966,Powder Post Beetle Lyctus Species,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.6 Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva America, W.M., Meniado, J.A.,1975,Tuai (Bischofia javanica) lamog (Planchonia spectabilis) and toog,(Petersianthus quadrialatus,For. Prod. Res. & Ind. Dev. Comm. Philippines for pindecom Tech. Note,No.157 Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48 Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guniea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1972,The Mechanical Properties of 56 Fijian Timbers,Australia C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.,62 Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Cause, M.L.; Rudder, E.J. and Kynaston, W.T.,1989,Queensland Timbers Their Nomenclature, Density, and Lyctid Susceptability,Queensland Department of Forestry, Technical Pamplet No.2 Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13 Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. The Malayan Forester, 28(30):315-318. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3 Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Fiji Department of Forestry,1969,A Summary of the Properties of 34 Indigenous Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.38 Fiji Department of Forestry,1970,The Properties and Potential uses of Koka (Bischofia javanica,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.46 Fiji Department of Forestry,1972,Guide to the use of local timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.55 Fiji Forestry Department,1981,The Properties and Uses of 43 Indigenous and Exotic Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.71 Floresca, A.R., Rocafort, J.E.,1966,Shrinkage of Philippine Woods,Philippine Journal of Forestry 22(1-4) pp45-57 Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Gowers, S.,1976,Some Common Trees of the New Hebrides and Their Vernacular Names,New Hebrides Department of Agriculture, Forestry Section Guha, S.R.D., Pant, P.C.,1965,Pulping of Bischofia jaranucar Blume,Indian Pulp and Paper 19(12) pp753-6 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia. Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H. Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi. Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70 Limaye, V.D.,1946,Safe Working Stresses for Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Utilisation,4(1,pp1-31 Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2) Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Nicolas, P.M., Tadena, F.G.,1965,Kraft pulping of Tuai (Bischoffia javanica Blume,Philippine Forestry Journal 21(1/40 pp109-15 Osborne, L.D.,1970,Decay resistance of South-West Pacific rain forest timbers,C.S.I.R.O.,Div. for Prod., Tech. paper No.56 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Rawat, B.S., Rawat, N.S.,1960,Physical and Mechanical properties of woods tested at the Forest Research,Institute, Dehra Dun Report XI,Indian Forestry Records (NS) Timber Mechanics 1(12) Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Simpson, W.T. and J.A. Sagoe. 1991. Relative Drying Times of 650 Tropical Woods : Estimation by Green Moisture Content, Specific Gravity, and Green Weight Density. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-71, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press Oxford Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Thomas, A.V.,1935,Notes on some timbers from Cameron highlands,Malayan Forester 4(4) pp188-96 Varian, H.F., Gallardo, A.C.,1940,Notes on the susceptibility to insect attack of Philippine woods,Philippine Journal of forestry 3(3) pp347-78 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Malaysia Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17