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Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities

Scientific Name
Bischofia javanica

Trade Name
Bishopwood

Family Name
Euphorbiaceae

Common Names
Aidumu, Akagi, Akan, Akayan, Apalang, Aukkyu, Autumn male tree, Ayuni, Bagna, Bangu, Beefwood, Bembuk, Bhillar, Bino, Bintoengan, Bintungan, Biscoptra, Bishofsholz, Bishop wood, Bishopwood, Bisschophout, Bitug, Boaungza, Bogaungsa, Bois de l'eveque, Boke, Bolzuru, Bumbuk, Bunian, Cholavenga, Cingkam, Dampol, Digahongon, Duag, Dueg, Gadog, Gelintungan, Gerinjing, Gerondjing, Gerunjing, Gintoeng, Gintung, Gintungan, Glintungan, Gobra nairul, Govarnellu, Hka-shatawi, Ie, Inggedi, Irum, Java cedar, Jitang, Joki, Kaen, Kainjal, Kalmote, Katan, Kaurem, Kein, Kerindjing, Kerinjing, Keyawe, Ki mahoeng, Ko, Koka, Kola, Korsa, Kot-semla, Kundjing, Kunjing, Kywetho, Legno di vescono, Madera de obispo, Malachithiyan, Malachithiyani, Mandos, Mangatu, Manoko, Maritek, Milachithayam, Modagerri vembu, Na, Nannal, Needlebark, Nhoi, Nili-mara, Nira, Noar, Oa, Oha'a, Oli oli, Panaila, Panasan, Paniala, Perabu, Pogaungsa, Polo, Pun, Sekutin, Sikam, Singkam, Sinong, Taisoh, Tanarem, Taua, Tayok-the, Tepala, Terangan, Term, Thirippu, Thiripu, Thondi, Thrippu, Tingkam, Tingkem, Tingkeum, Toe, Toog, Toogen, Tou, Tuai, Tual, Tuan, Tuel, Tui, Tuir, Tuog, Ulayan, Umba, Uriam, Urian, Urum, Watung, Ye-padauk

Regions of Distribution
Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia

Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP]
Australia, Burma, China, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, India, Indonesia, Korea-North, Korea-South, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam

Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Balusters, Beams, Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Billiard-cue butts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Fine furniture, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Structural work, Tool handles, Turnery

Environmental Profile

Status unknown in many of its growth areas

Secure in many areas of its range

Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within significant parts of its range

Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

Distribution Overview
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka to Australia. Widely distributed Indo-Malayan species extending into the Philippines, Korea, and Polynesia. Common along streams at low and medium altitudes.

Heartwood Color

Brown

Red

Black

Reddish brown

Red

Purple

Dark brown

Purplish red brown

Dark purple brown upon exposure

Sapwood Color

Pinkish

Clearly differentiated from the heartwood

Different than heartwood

White to yellow

Paler than heartwood

Light reddish brown

Grain

Interlocked

Straight

Figure

Even

Closed

Wavy

Stripe (figure)

Distinct (figure)

Interlocked

Straight

Wavy

Striped figure

Distinct figure

Texture

Medium

Coarse

Fine to medium

Medium

Medium coarse to coarse

Luster

Lustrous

Dull

Slightly lustrous

Natural Durability

Durable

Resistant to termites

Moderately durable

Susceptible to insect attack

Resistant to powder post beetles

Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles

Moderately durable

Durable

Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)

Perishable

Susceptible to marine borer attack

Non durable

Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera)

Species from the Philippines and Fiji Islands are rated as perishable and durable, respectively.

Odor

No specific smell or taste

Light-Induced Color Change

Darker

Kiln Schedules

Drying (speed) is fast

Drying Defects

Splitting

Checking

Severe twisting/warping

Severe surface checking

Moderate twist/warp

Slight end splitting

Slight surface checking

Moderate surface checking

Moderate collapse and honeycombing

Severe cupping

Severe collapse and honeycomb

Moderate end spitting

No surface checking

Moderate cupping

Ease of Drying

Fairly Easy

Slowly

Difficult

Dries rapidly with little degrade

Kiln Drying Rate

Naturally dries slowly

Tree Identification

Bole/stem form is not buttressed

Bole/stem form is buttressed

Bole/stem form is straight

Bole/stem form is misshapen

Tree Size

Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm

Tree height is 30-40 m

Tree height is 40-50 m

Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm

Sapwood width is 15-20 cm

Comments
A lesser-known-species from South-east Asia.

General finishing qualities are rated as good

Cutting Resistance

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult

Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate

Gluing

Good properties

Mortising

Good mortising properties

Finishes well

Moulding

Poor to Very Poor Results

Oulding characteristics are rated as good.

Planing

Poor to Very Poor Results

Planes well, to a good finish

Good planing properties

Resistance to Impregnation

Heartwood is extremely resistant

Heartwood is resistant

Sapwood is permeable

Sapwood is moderately resistant

Heartwood is permeable

Heartwood permeability to preservative chemicals varies and depends on the origin of the wood

Response to Hand Tools

Easy to Work

Easy to machine

Sanding

Good sanding qualities

Good sanding finish

Turning

Good results

Veneering Qualities

There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits

Good gluing qualities

Easy to cut

Polishing

Fair to Good Results

Smooth finish

Staining

Stains well

Strength Properties

Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.

Max. crushing strength = medium

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.

Shrinkage, Radial = moderate

Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Dnesity (dry wieght) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft.

Shrinkage, Radial = small

Bending strength (MOR) = low

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low

Hardness (side grain) = soft

Hardness (side grain) = medium

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.

Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small

Shrinkage, Radial = very small

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low

Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low

Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low

Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium

Max. crushing strength = low

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high

Resists denting and marring

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium

Heavy

Hardness = medium

Hardness (side grain) = hard

Density = high

Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high

Bending strength (MOR) = very low

Numerical Data

Item	Green	Dry	English

Bending Strength	7603	14515	psi
Crushing Strength	1051	1394	psi
Density		43	lbs/ft3
Hardness		1529	lbs
Impact Strength	23	27	inches
Maximum Crushing Strength	3665	6928	psi
Shearing Strength		2162	psi
Static Bending	4572	7652	psi
Stiffness	1160	1595	1000 psi
Toughness		147	inch-lbs
Specific Gravity	0.51	0.63
Weight	51	44	lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage	3		%
Tangential Shrinkage	8		%
Volumetric Shrinkage	12		%

Item	Green	Dry	Metric

Bending Strength	534	1020	kg/cm2
Crushing Strength	73	98	kg/cm2
Density		689	kg/m3
Hardness		693	kg
Impact Strength	58	68	cm
Maximum Crushing Strength	257	487	kg/cm2
Shearing Strength		152	kg/cm2
Static Bending	321	538	kg/cm2
Stiffness	81	112	1000 kg/cm2
Toughness		169	cm-kg
Specific Gravity	0.51	0.63
Weight	817	705	kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage	3		%
Tangential Shrinkage	8		%

References
Aguilar, L.,1941,Relative Durability of Untreated Philippine woods,The Philippine Journal of Forestry 4(3) pp247-56

Alston, A.S.,1966,Natural Heartwood Durability,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No. 2

Alston, A.S.,1966,Powder Post Beetle Lyctus Species,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.6

Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva

America, W.M., Meniado, J.A.,1975,Tuai (Bischofia javanica) lamog (Planchonia spectabilis) and toog,(Petersianthus quadrialatus,For. Prod. Res. & Ind. Dev. Comm. Philippines for pindecom Tech. Note,No.157

Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48

Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1966. The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guniea Timbers. Technological Paper No. 41. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.

Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1972,The Mechanical Properties of 56 Fijian Timbers,Australia C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.,62

Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34

Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press

Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6

Cause, M.L.; Rudder, E.J. and Kynaston, W.T.,1989,Queensland Timbers Their Nomenclature, Density, and Lyctid Susceptability,Queensland Department of Forestry, Technical Pamplet No.2

Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. The Malayan Forester, 28(30):315-318.

Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15

E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3

Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.

Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

Fiji Department of Forestry,1969,A Summary of the Properties of 34 Indigenous Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.38

Fiji Department of Forestry,1970,The Properties and Potential uses of Koka (Bischofia javanica,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.46

Fiji Department of Forestry,1972,Guide to the use of local timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.55

Fiji Forestry Department,1981,The Properties and Uses of 43 Indigenous and Exotic Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.71

Floresca, A.R., Rocafort, J.E.,1966,Shrinkage of Philippine Woods,Philippine Journal of Forestry 22(1-4) pp45-57

Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London

Gowers, S.,1976,Some Common Trees of the New Hebrides and Their Vernacular Names,New Hebrides Department of Agriculture, Forestry Section

Guha, S.R.D., Pant, P.C.,1965,Pulping of Bischofia jaranucar Blume,Indian Pulp and Paper 19(12) pp753-6

Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.

Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1

Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.

Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.

Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H.

Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.

Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi.

Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70

Limaye, V.D.,1946,Safe Working Stresses for Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Utilisation,4(1,pp1-31

Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2)

Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9

Nicolas, P.M., Tadena, F.G.,1965,Kraft pulping of Tuai (Bischoffia javanica Blume,Philippine Forestry Journal 21(1/40 pp109-15

Osborne, L.D.,1970,Decay resistance of South-West Pacific rain forest timbers,C.S.I.R.O.,Div. for Prod., Tech. paper No.56

Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols

Rawat, B.S., Rawat, N.S.,1960,Physical and Mechanical properties of woods tested at the Forest Research,Institute, Dehra Dun Report XI,Indian Forestry Records (NS) Timber Mechanics 1(12)

Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7

Simpson, W.T. and J.A. Sagoe. 1991. Relative Drying Times of 650 Tropical Woods : Estimation by Green Moisture Content, Specific Gravity, and Green Weight Density. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-71, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.

Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press Oxford

Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia

Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6

Thomas, A.V.,1935,Notes on some timbers from Cameron highlands,Malayan Forester 4(4) pp188-96

Varian, H.F., Gallardo, A.C.,1940,Notes on the susceptibility to insect attack of Philippine woods,Philippine Journal of forestry 3(3) pp347-78

WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.

Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Malaysia

Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17

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