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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Plantation species?
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Australian black acacia, Australian blackwood, Black sally, Black wattle, Blackwood, Cedar, Cedar lightwood, Lightwood, Swarthout, Tasmanian blackwood
Plantation species?
Yes
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Argentina, Australia, Chile, India, New Zealand, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania
Common Uses
Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building: framing, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Gunstocks, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Paneling, Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rifle stock, Sounding boards, Sporting Goods, Structural work, Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Violin bows, Violin, Walking sticks, Wardrobes, Wheel spokes, Wheels, Xylophones, agricultural implements
Environmental Profile
| Questionable |
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| Extinct |
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| Endangered |
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| Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Particularly in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Lesotho, Swaziland, and South Africa
Distribution Overview
Australian Blackwood grows in Eastern Australia from Queensland southward to Victoria and also in Tasmania. It has been introduced into East and South Africa, India, Ceylon, Chile, and Argentina. It's distribution is closely linked to rainfall. The tree can be found in various habitats, chiefly wet sclerophyll forest and in or near cooler rainforest.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Red |
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| Orange |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Dark brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Golden brown with a reddish cast |
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May have chocolate brown zones. Plantation timber may be Greenish-greyish to black in color
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Green/Grey |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Straw colored to grayish-white |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Grain
| Wavy |
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| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Fiddleback (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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| Wavy |
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| Other figures are possible or common |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Occasionally wavy |
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| Occasionally interlocked, but not always |
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| Fiddleback figure |
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| Distinct figure |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Uniform |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Perishable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Untreated wood in contact with ground could decay in less than 5 years |
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| Non durable |
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| Little or no natural resistance |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Respiratory effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Kiln Schedules
| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Checking |
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| Collapse |
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| Internal Honeycombing Possible |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Moderate cupping |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No surface checking |
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| No end splitting |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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Wide, flat-sawn boards have a tendency to cup but this can be avoided by weighting down stack
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Slowly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Rapidly |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Rapid |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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| Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is unknown |
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| Bole/stem form is misshapen |
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| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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Stem form tends to be straighter with plantation-grown timber
Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 15-20 cm |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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Product Sources
Supplies of the timber are adequate in Australia, but are limited in other parts of the world. Prices are in the high range when the material is available.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Easy |
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| Difficult |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Material with interlocked grain can be difficult. |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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| Gluing properties are variable |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Moulding
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor moulding results |
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Reduce cutting angle to 20 degrees, especially if interlocked grain is present
Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement |
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| Medium |
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| Stable |
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| Small |
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| Not stable/prone to move |
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Plantation timber is less stable
Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Nails hold poorly |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Moderately easy to plane |
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| Responds well to both hand and machine tools |
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| Reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is suggested |
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| Planes to a poor finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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Material containing curly grain usually requires extra attention.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Sapwood is moderately treatable |
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| Sapwood is extremely resistant |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant to preservative treatment |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Satisfactorily |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory sanding results |
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| Moderate sanding qualities |
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Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Very good |
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| Good results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Very good |
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| Good |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Excellent results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Stains well |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact strength) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high |
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| Heavy |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Density = high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 10023 | 15313 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 784 | 1377 | psi |
| Density | | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1075 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 39 | 37 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5381 | 8437 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2062 | psi |
| Static Bending | 5831 | 8653 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1789 | 2122 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 144 | inch-lbs |
| Specific Gravity | 0.5 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 40 | 33 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 704 | 1076 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 55 | 96 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 487 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 98 | 93 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 378 | 593 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 144 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 409 | 608 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 125 | 149 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 165 | cm-kg |
| Specific Gravity | 0.5 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 641 | 528 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Australia - Forest Products Newsletter,1963,Properties of Australian Timbers - Blackwood,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Newsletter No.294 pp3-4
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Boas, I.H.,1947,The Commercial Timbers of Australia - Their Properties and Uses,Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Melbourne
Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35
Bolza, E. and N. H. Kloot. 1963. The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 25, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1963,The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.25
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Cause, M.L.; Rudder, E.J. and Kynaston, W.T.,1989,Queensland Timbers Their Nomenclature, Density, and Lyctid Susceptability,Queensland Department of Forestry, Technical Pamplet No.2
Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Cuevas, L.E.,1975,90% cut in Hardwood Drying Time using High Temperature,Philippine Lumberman 21(2) pp18-21
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London
Gay, F.J., Et al,1955,Standard laboratory colonies of termites for evaluating the resistance of,timber, timber preservatives and other materials to termite attack.,C.S.I.R.O., Australia Bulletin,No.277
Haslett, A.N.,1986,Properties and utilisation of exotic speciality timbers grown in,New,Zealand Part II: Australian Blackwood Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.,New Zealand Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, FRI Bulletin No.119
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1958,A Summary of the Information Available on the Properties of Afzelia,quanzensis,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec. Moshi Series,No.4
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Jackson, A. and D. Day. 1991. Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood. Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Kingston, R.S.T., Risdon, C.J.E.,1961,Shrinkage and Density of Australian and other South-West Pacific Woods,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No.13
Kline, M. 1980. Acacia melanoxylon - Australian blackwood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr, J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 13-14.
Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1
Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36
Sekhar, A.C., Kukreti, M.C.,1979,A Note on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Acacia melanoxylon,(Australian Blackwood) from Kodai Kanal, Tamil Nadu,Indian Forester 105(9) pp677-684
South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1
Stewart, A.M., Kloot, N.H.,1957,Mechanical Properties of Timbers,C.S.I.R.O., Australia Bulletin,No.279
Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press Oxford
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania Forest Department,1963,Timbers of Tanganyika - Acacia melanoxylon (Australian Blackwood,Tanzania For. Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi
The Australian Timber Journal & Building Products, Merchandiser,1969,Timber Durability and Preservation,Supplement to Australian Timber Journal 35(4) Tech. Timb. Guide No.8
Thomas, A.J.,1955,Tasmanian Woods,Forestry Department Tasmania, Bulletin No.1
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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