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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
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Common Names
Amapa doce, Amapa rana, Amapadoce, Arbol de leche, Arbol de vaca, Avichuri, Barimiso, Capomo, Caucho macho, Cavo, Cedro montanes, Cocal, Cow tree, Cuqua, Mastate, Milk tree, Murere rana, Ogechi, Ojoche, Palo de leche, Palo de vaca, Palo de vaga, Sande, Vacuno
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Suriname, Venezuela
Common Uses
Balusters, Bent Parts, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Construction, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fiberboard, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Moldings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Skis, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Veneer, Woodwork
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Widespread |
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| Status unknown in many of its growth areas |
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| Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk) |
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| Likely rare at the periphery of its range |
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| Globally secure |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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| Data source is Nature Conservancy |
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| Abundant |
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Distribution Overview
Mexico and Central America to tropical South America.Tropical, lowland, moist, non-seasonal, broadleaved, closed forest.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Black |
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| Orange |
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| Green/grey |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| White to cream |
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| Yellowish white |
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| Yellowish brown |
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| Red |
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| Red tinge at the core |
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| Light brown |
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| Greenish white |
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| Brown |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Pink |
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| Color not distinct from heartwood |
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| White to yellow |
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Grain
| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Figure |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Silver tint (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Rays figure |
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| Straight to shallowly interlocked |
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| Silver tinted figure sometimes |
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Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| High |
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| Pronounced |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| High |
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Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to marine borers |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Very little natural resistance |
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| Susceptible to termite and dry-wood insect attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| T5 - C3 (4/4) US |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Warping can be expected |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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Wood with tension wood may warp during drying. The material may also distort and check
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Slowly |
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| Variable |
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| Rapidly |
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| Easy |
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| Air-dries rapidly and easily, with little degrade, little care needed |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Very slow |
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| Drying rate is slow |
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| Naturally dries at a moderate speed |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Tree height is 0-10 m |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that an important source of timber. The timber is exported regularly.
Certified Source
Comments
Abnormal Wood Tissue
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Some material may contain tension wood which tends to affect machining operations.
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on sawing is mild |
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Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Internal stresses and fuzzy grain from tension wood causes cutters to burn from pinching |
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| Easy to saw |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Good properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Sharp cutting edges are necessary for easy mortise |
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Very sharp cutting edges are necessary because of fuzzy grain
Moulding
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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He moulding properties of the wood are good, but cutting edges should be kept very sharp.
Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Good nailing properties |
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| Easy to nail |
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Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Requires sharp cutting edges |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Excellent response |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Holds screws well |
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| Good screwing properties |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Painting
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good to excellent results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Staining properties are good |
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Varnishing
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Heavy |
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| Hardness = very high |
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| Density = high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8127 | 13743 | psi |
| Density | | 37 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 829 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4110 | 7338 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1268 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1866 | 2160 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.45 | | |
| Weight | 36 | 27 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 571 | 966 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 592 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 376 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 288 | 515 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 89 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 131 | 151 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.45 | | |
| Weight | 576 | 432 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Bendtsen, B.A., Chudnoff, M.,1981,Properties of Seven Colombian Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison Research Note FPL0242
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods -Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant, and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Hoheisel, H., Karstedt, P.,1967,Identification of Ecuadorian Wood Sp. for possibilities of Utilization on,the basis of Technological Results,Institito Forestal Latino-Americana Merida Venezuala
ITTO. New Marketable Species Technical Notes. Prepared by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Little, E.L.,1948,A Collection of Tree Specimens from Western Ecuador,Caribbean Forester,9(3,pp215-98
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Scheffer, T.C., Duncan, C.G.,1947,The Decay Resistance of certain Central American and Ecuadorian Woods,Tropical Woods,12(92, PP1-24
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
The Ecological Trading Company Limited (ETC, Newcastle upon Tyre, United Kingdom.
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.
USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operator's Manual, Preliminary Copy. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Villamil, F.G.,1971,Maderas Colombianas,Proexpo Colombia
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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