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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Staining Steam Bending Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning Veneering Qualities Scientific Name Bucklandia populnea Trade Name Pipli Family Name Hamamelidaceae Common Names Dieng doh, Dieng myntat, Dieng-doh, Dieng-soh-ryndoh, Dingdah, Gerok, Pipli, Singliang, Singliang kung, Singliang-kung Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burma, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Vietnam Common Uses Balusters, Bent Parts, Blinds, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Construction, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Door, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, General carpentry, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Office furniture, Planks, Plywood, Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shutters, Sills, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Structural work, Utility furniture, Wardrobes, Windows Environmental Profile Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Secure in many areas of its range Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Lower Burma, and Malayan Peninsula; abundant in mountain forests. The only Bucklandia species found in India, B. populnea occurs in the eastern Himalayas, Assam, Khasi and Naga hills at an elevation of 3280 to 8200 feet (1000 to 2500 m). Heartwood Color Purple Brown Green/grey Red Reddish brown White to cream Pale brown Greyish brown Greenish to greyish Brown Sapwood Color Brown Green/Grey Red Color not distinct from heartwood Blends into heartwood Grain Interlocked Figure Stripe (figure) Interlocked Striped figure Broadly interlocked Texture Fine Medium Fine Fine and even Luster Medium Slightly lustrous Dull to lustrous Natural Durability Non-durable Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Very durable Durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Perishable Moderately durable The heartwood is perishable in some areas (Malaya) and fairly durable in others (India). Odor No specific smell or taste Kiln Schedules Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a slow speed Drying Defects Checking Distortion Slight end splitting Slight surface checking Ease of Drying Fairly Easy Slowly Rapid conversion for green wood is recommended to prevent end-splits Easy Air-dries rapidly and easily, with some care Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Moderate Blunting effect on sawing is mild Boring Fair to good results Fairly easy to very easy Good results Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Easy to saw Gluing Moderate gluing properties Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good mortising properties Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Oulding properties are good. Movement in Service Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement Nailing Pre-Boring Recommended Poor to Very Poor Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Easy to plane Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Resistant sapwood Resistant heartwood Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Response to Hand Tools Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good sanding qualities Screwing Pre-boring recommended Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to turn Very good Veneering Qualities Suitable for peeling Easy to cut Steam Bending Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Good results Staining Staining properties are good Pipli is particularly suitable for staining, and has been compared to American basswood (Tilia ) in that respect. Strength Properties Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (impact strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Max. crushing strength = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Resists denting and marring Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Heavy Hardness = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Density = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = low Bending strength (MOR) = high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 9018 13805 psi Crushing Strength 843 1519 psi Density 39 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1303 lbs Impact Strength 40 30 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 4563 7369 psi Shearing Strength 1730 psi Static Bending 5478 7928 psi Stiffness 1451 1718 1000 psi Work to Maximum Load 9 12 inch-lbs/in3 Specific Gravity 0.51 0.56 Weight 45 37 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Volumetric Shrinkage 13 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 634 970 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 59 106 kg/cm2 Density 624 kg/m3 Hardness 591 kg Impact Strength 101 76 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 320 518 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 121 kg/cm2 Static Bending 385 557 kg/cm2 Stiffness 102 120 1000 kg/cm2 Work to Maximum Load 0.63 0.84 cm-kg/cm3 Specific Gravity 0.51 0.56 Weight 721 592 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 3 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % References Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses, and Suitability. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 2. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi. Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi. Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2) Negi, G. S., D.N. Bhatia. 1958. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Timbers Tested at the Forest Research Institute, Report X. Indian Forest Records, Timber Mechanics Branch, Volume 1 No. 11, Dehra Dun, India Negi, G.S., Bhatia, D.N.,1958,Physical and Mechanical Properties of Woods tested at F.R.I. Report No.10,Indian Forest Records (N.S.) Timber Mechanics,1(11,pp171-18 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3 Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India. Sekhar, A.C., Rawat, N.S.,1961,A note on mechanical properties of some N.E.F.A. timbers,Indian Forester 87(7) pp434-7 Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia