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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Canarium velutinum
Common Names
Abe, Abel, Abeul, African canarium, Africian canarium, Ahie, Aiele, Amonkyi, Bediwenua, Beri, Bidikala, Billi, Bobele, Buhura, Canarium, Elemi, Eyere, Gbebi, Incense tree, Kandangunuu, Kantankrui, Kurutwe, M'bili, Mbele, Mbidikala, Mbidinkala, Mbili, Mubafu, Mubani, Mubili, Mupafu, Mwafu, Omusanki, Omuwafu, Ovili, Owele, Owele ovili, Papo, Safukala
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chemical derivatives, Chests, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Door, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Stools, Structural plywood, Turnery, Utility furniture, Utility plywood, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes
Environmental Profile
| Endangered |
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| Vulnerable |
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| Extinct |
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| Rare |
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| Questionable |
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| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Unknown status is some of its growth areas |
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| Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk) |
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| Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Population is relatively secure in Cameroon, Congo and Sierra Leone. Rare in Benin. Vulnerable in Liberia. Status in wild is listed as unknown due to insufficient information in Angola, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Ivory Coast,Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, and Zaire
Distribution Overview
Widely distributed in East, Central, and West Africa.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pale brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Brown |
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| White to cream |
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| Yellowish tan |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Light brown |
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| Darkens upon exposure |
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The wood may contain numerous small knots. Stained Canarium is so similar in appearance to African mahogany (Khaya ) that it usually requires an expert to differentiate between the two.
Sapwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White to yellow |
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| Pinkish |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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| Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood. |
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| Yellowish-brown |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Pale brown |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Darkens upon exposure |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Spiral |
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| Wavy |
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| Crossed |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Wavy |
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| Spiral |
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| Distinct and fine figure |
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The grain sometimes produces a very attractive stripe or roey figure on quarter-cut surfaces
Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| Lustrous |
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| Pronounced |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Brittleheart is frequent to extensive |
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| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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| Wind shakes may be present in the wood. |
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| Whitish deposits in vessels |
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| Brittleheart may be present in the wood. |
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Gum in the canarium may gum-up saws and cutters
Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Perishable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to termite attack |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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Soon after felling, logs should be treated chemically , extracted and converted to prevent insect attack,
Odor
| No characteristic taste |
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| Freshly cut wood is aromatic |
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Silica Content
| Siliceous |
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| Contains high levels of silica (> 0.5% of dry weight) |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| T10 - D4S (4/4) US; T8 - D3S (8/4) US |
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| Schedule H; United Kingdom |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Checking |
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| Moderate collapse and honeycombing |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight cupping |
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| Shakes may become extended |
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Ease of Drying
| Thick Stock Requires Care |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Requires special attention |
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| Easy |
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| Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC (Tangential) = 4.5% |
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| Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC (Radial) = 2.5% |
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| Dries slowly and well |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced only occasionally and is exported in low but regular volumes.
Comments
Canarium contains a whitish gum which is reported to solidify to the consistency of wax and burns freely when lit. Uses of African canarium are rather limited because it dulls cutters rapidly and severely
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Interlocked grain and silica content have very high blunting effects on cutting tools. To process the wood, tungsten tipped cutters may be required
Boring
Use three winged drills for the best results
Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Material with interlocked grain can be difficult. |
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Silica content and interlocked grain can increase cutting resistance. Keep cutting edges sharp
Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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Mortising
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good finishing results |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Medium |
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Canarium timber that has been seasoned has moderate dimensional stability
Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Satisfactory planing properties |
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Materials with interlocked grain may require a reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees and very sharp cutting edges
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Sapwood is treatable |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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Silica content and interlocked grain can have severe blunting effect on cutters
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Difficult to sand |
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| Good sanding qualities |
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Screwing
| Screwing yields good results |
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| Fair screwing qualities (expect < 70% of screwed pieces to be free from complete splits) |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Special attention required |
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Use sharp, high speed steel cutters to discourage woolly surfaces
Veneering Qualities
| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Various figures can yield decorative veneers |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Can sometimes be sliced into highly decorative veneers for paneling |
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Because of its attractive figure and easy response to staining, timber is often sliced into highly decorative veneers
Steam Bending
Painting
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Excellent staining characteristics |
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Varnishing
| Satisfactory |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Surfaces may dent or scratch easily |
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| Surfaces may dent easily |
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| Soft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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Bending strength of the species is considered medium, being much weaker than White oak or Teak in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content). Compression strength parallel to grain, or maximum crushing strength, is medium. It is lower in this property than Teak. Surfaces may dent or scratch easily since the wood is soft. The weight is about average. The density is average, or medium.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 5813 | 9497 | psi |
| Density | | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 520 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 17 | 16 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3274 | 5904 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1479 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1058 | 1305 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 6 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.36 | | |
| Weight | 33 | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 14 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 408 | 667 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 235 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 43 | 40 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 230 | 415 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 103 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 74 | 91 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.42 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.36 | | |
| Weight | 528 | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bertin, A., Meniaud, J.,1949,Timbers of the Cameroons,Compagnie Francais du Cameroon,(Transl. by F.Jane)
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1979,Aiele,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,187,pp65-78
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, Canada
Fouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. Belguim
Fouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38
Fouarge, J.,1953,Bois du Congo,I.N.E.A.C.
Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Koeppen, A. von,1958,Pulping Studies on Eucalyptus degupta, Bruguiera parviflora, Avicennia,marina,Tappi,41(8,PP460-4
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5
Pardy, A.A.,1952,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of S. Rhodesia - Albizzia antunesiana,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin,No.1603
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim
Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,1955,Aiele (Canarium schweinfurthii,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,10 (2, p33
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer Uganda
Tanzania Forest Department,1961,Timbers of Tanganyika - Brachystegia spiciformis,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28
Uganda Forest Department,1954,Canarium,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.12
Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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