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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Abrasion
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities

Scientific Name
Carapa guianensis

Trade Name
Crabwood

Family Name
Meliaceae

Synonyms
Carapa latifolia, Carapa guianensis, Carapa nicaraguensis

Wood Image 1

Common Names
Aboridan, Andiroba, Andiroba aruba, Andiroba saruba, Andirobeira, Andirobeira branca, Andirobeira vermelha, Bastard mahogany, Bateo, Bois caille, Bois rouge carapet, British Guiana mahogany, Cabirma de gui, Cachipou, Camacari, Caobilla, Carapa, Carapote, Cedro bateo, Cedro macho, Crabwood, Crappo, Demerara mahogany, Empire andiroba, Figueroa, Iandivora, Jandirova, Karaba, Karapa-yek, Karapai, Krapa, Krappa, Masabalo, Mazabalo, Najasi, Najesi, Nandiroba, Nandirova, Para-mahogany, Saba karaba, Tangare, Tangere, West Indian crabwood

Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia

Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP]
Belize, Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guadelope [France], Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico [US], Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela

Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Balusters, Beams, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Ceiling, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Environmental Profile

Vulnerable

Abundant/Secure

Unknown status is some of its growth areas

May be rare in some parts of its range

Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions.

Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

Data source is Nature Conservancy

Abundant

Species is generally secure within its natural habitat in most areas in its range, includind French Guiana, Guyana and Surinam. Occurs in very small quantities within its range in Panama and is classified as vulnerable. Status in the wild is currently unknown due to insufficient information in the Carribean Islands, Cuba, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Rather abundant and widespread within most of its range, although the species might be quite rare in some parts of its range

Distribution Overview
Occurs in the West Indies from Cuba to Trinidad and from Honduras south through Central America, the Guianas, and into Brazil, Colombia, and Peru, and the overflow delta lands of the Orinoco in Venezuela; often occurs in pure stands; a lowland species but also at high altitudes along rivers.

Andiroba is widely distributed in the Neotropics and Tropical Africa. In the Neotropics it is found from Central America south through Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil, Peru and Paraguay, as well as on several of the Caribbean Islands. In Brazil, it is found in the entire Amazon basin, preferentially in the varzeas (seasonally flooded white water terraces) and in the igap� (perennially flooded margins of black or clear water rivers and streams), frequently in association with ucu�ba (Virola surinamensis) and Par� rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). It is occasionally cultivated on the terra firma (dry uplands), generally on well drained clay soils, where it grows well.

Heartwood Color

White

Yellow

Green/grey

Orange

Reddish brown

Pale red to pink

Brown

Pale brown

Red

Greenish to greyish

Dark brown

Color varies considerably

Color changes with age

The wood is so similar to Honduras mahogany that they are often confused with each other.

Sapwood Color

Yellow

White

Pinkish

Clearly differentiated from the heartwood

Different than heartwood

White to yellow

Paler than heartwood

Pale brown

Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood.

Greyish

Sapwood is initially pinkish, but changes to pale brown or grey upon exposure. It also constitutes a greater percentage of the timber

Grain

Figure

Straight

Interlocked

Distinct (figure)

Variable (figure)

Mottle

Wavy

Rippled (figure)

Even

Closed

Rays (figure)

Growth rings (figure)

Stripe (figure)

Other (figure)

Straight

Interlocked

Distinct figure

Variable figure

Wavy

Rippled figure

Mottled or streaked figure sometimes

Striped figure

Rays figure

Other figure

Clear growth rings (figure)

The wood exhibits an attractive stripe and parallel, irregular rays when quarter sawn

Texture

Fine

Even or uniform

Uniform

Medium

Coarse

Medium coarse to coarse

Fine

Fine to medium

Crabwood is similar to Honduras mahogany, but less figured and has a finer texture

Luster

Medium

Lustrous

Dull

Pronounced

Slightly lustrous

Natural Growth Defects

Gum and mineral deposits

Natural Durability

Perishable

Non-durable

Susceptible to insect attack

Moderately durable

Sapwood non-resistant to furniture beetles

Resistant to powder post beetles

Moderately durable

Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles

Durable

Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the standing tree

Durable

Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)

Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera)

Non durable

Very durable

Resistant to marine borers

Moderately resistant to marine borer attack=

Durable

Vulnerable to attack by drywood termites and powder-post beetles.

Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles

Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles)

Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present

Highly susceptible to attack by pin-hole borers

Vulnerable to attack by dry-wood termites, powder-post beetles, and pin-hole borers.
Weathering characteristics are comparable to those of the Mahoganies.

Odor

No specific smell or taste

Light-Induced Color Change

Darker

Kiln Schedules

Dry at a slow speed

UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3

Dry at a moderate speed

T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US

Schedule C; United Kingdom

Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow

Drying (speed) is fast

Drying Defects

Splitting

Resin Exudation

Checking

Moderate end spitting

Slight twist/warp

Moderate surface checking

Slight surface checking

Moderate twist/warp

Slight end splitting

No cupping, generally

Slight problems with collapse and honeycomb

Severe surface checking

Severe end splitting

Moderate collapse and honeycombing

Generally free from spring and bow

Expect resin/gum exudation

May split during initial stage of kiln drying. May collapse/check. High risk of warping due to high tangential to radial shrinkage ratio

Ease of Drying

Fairly Easy

Gum Exudation

Rapidly

Reconditioning Treatement

Medium to High Shrinkage

Little degrade

Moderate

Easy

Difficult

Variable results.

Special attention required

For best results slow dry, with a low temperature and high humidity schedule. More difficult to dry than Honduras mahogany.

Kiln Drying Rate

Naturally dries quickly

Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Tree Identification

Bole/stem form is buttressed

Bole/stem form is straight

Bole/stem form is cylindrical

Tree Size

Tree height is 20-30 m

Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Tree height is 10-20 m

Bole length is less than 10 m

Product Sources
The ITTO reports that an important source of timber. Square-edged timber is an important export material.

The timber is more abundant in supplies than Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Although it is not as available through hardwood suppliers in the U.S. and Europe as the true mahoganies (Swietenia and Khaya), the timber is less expensive, when available. It is more apt to be found growing in pure stands, and stills occur in enough numbers to be used for construction in some areas within its natural range

Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect

Moderate

Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate

Blunting effect on machining is moderate

Blunting effect on sawing green wood is moderate

Boring

Fair to good results

Fairly easy to very easy

Easy

Carving

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Good results

Cutting Resistance

Easy to saw

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw

Moderate to saw

Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy

Satisfactory sawing properties

Low resistance

Gluing

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Easy to glue

Glues well

Mortising

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Easy to mortise

Good mortising properties

Difficult to mortise

Moulding

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Easy to mould

Good moulding properties

Ease of moulding is satisfactory

Difficult to mould

Movement in Service

Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement

Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement

Small

Stable

Dimensionally stable after drying. Small movement is exhibited in use

Nailing

Pre-boring recommended

Easy to nail

Difficult to nail

Tends to split during nailing

Poor nailing properties

Holds nails well

Planing

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Easy to plane

Planes well, to a good finish

Difficult to plane

Does not plan to a good finish

Interlocked grain may require a reduced angle of 15 degrees. More dense than either Honduras or African mahogany, making it harder to plane

Resistance to Abrasion

Moderate

High

Resistance to Impregnation

Permeable heartwood

Permeable sapwood

Heartwood is resistant

Heartwood is extremely resistant

Resistance to Splitting

Poor

Satisfactory

Response to Hand Tools

Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work

Easy to Work

Easy to machine

Moderate working qualities

Variable qualities

Good response

Routing & Recessing

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Good in routing

Sanding

Easy to sand

Good sanding qualities

Good sanding finish

Screwing

Very Good to Excellent Results

Fair to Good Results

Good screw holding properties

Easy to screw

Turning

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Very Good to Excellent Results

Easy to turn

Very good

Turning characteristics have been compared to Cherry and Sugar maple

Veneering Qualities

Difficult to veneer

Easy to cut

There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits

Suitable for slicing

Drying degrade is often moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splilts

Diifficult to veneer

Steam Bending

Very Good to Excellent Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Poor

Very poor

Moderate

Painting

Good results

Polishing

Fair to Good Results

Very Good to Excellent Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Satisfactory results

Good results

Smooth polished surface

Staining

Fair to Good Results

Very Good to Excellent Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Finish is generally satisfactory

Finish is generally good

Fewer coats of stain required to achieve surface smoothness similar to Honduras mahogany

Varnishing

Good results

Better varnishing characteristics than Honduras mahogany

Strength Properties

Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.

Hardness (side grain) = medium

Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low

Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate

Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low

Max. crushing strength = medium

Bending strength (MOR) = low

Shrinkage, Radial = small

Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large

Hardness (side grain) = soft

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.

Shrinkage, Radial = moderate

Max. crushing strength = low

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low

Shrinkage, Radial = large

Shrinkage, Tangential = large

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high

Bending strength (MOR) = high

Work to Maximum Load = low

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low

Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate

Resists denting and marring

Max. crushing strength = high

Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low

Heavy

Hardness = medium

Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high

Bending strength (MOR) = very high

Bending strength of air-dried wood is similar to that of Teak, which is considered to be strong. Compression parallel to grain is in the high range. Strength properties, especially stiffness, are rated as higher than those of Honduras mahogany. Hardness is rated as medium. It resists denting and marring about as well as white oak or birch. It is a heavy wood with high density. The wood closely resembles the mahoganies (Swietenia and Khaya ), but is less attractive.

Numerical Data

Item	Green	Dry	English

Bending Strength	9854	14876	psi
Crushing Strength	780	813	psi
Density		40	lbs/ft3
Hardness		1353	lbs
Maximum Crushing Strength	4219	6915	psi
Shearing Strength		1385	psi
Static Bending	6507	10035	psi
Stiffness	1635	1912	1000 psi
Toughness		110	inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load	10	12	inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity	0.52	0.6
Weight	40	39	lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage	3		%
Tangential Shrinkage	7		%
Volumetric Shrinkage	11		%

Item	Green	Dry	Metric

Bending Strength	692	1045	kg/cm2
Crushing Strength	54	57	kg/cm2
Density		641	kg/m3
Hardness		613	kg
Maximum Crushing Strength	296	486	kg/cm2
Shearing Strength		97	kg/cm2
Static Bending	457	705	kg/cm2
Stiffness	114	134	1000 kg/cm2
Toughness		126	cm-kg
Work to Maximum Load	0.70	0.84	cm-kg/cm3
Specific Gravity	0.52	0.6
Weight	641	624	kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage	3		%
Tangential Shrinkage	7		%

References
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Almeida, D.G. de, Costa, J.R. da,1956,Madeiras do Brasil. (Timbers of Brazil.,Min. Ag. Servico de Economia Rural, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,pp56

Arno, J. 1992. Carapa guianensis - Andiroba. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 82-83.

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