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Blunting Effect
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Abrasion
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Avenbok, Carpin, Carpy, Charme, European hornbeam, Haagbeuk, Hagbuche, Hagebuche, Hainbuche, Hardbeam, Hornbaum, Hornbeam, Pine, Quickbeam, Quickenbeam, Quicktree, Vitbok, Weissbuche, Yoke-elm
Regions of Distribution
Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Russia, France, Germany, Iran, Latvia, Poland, Sweden, United Kingdom
Common Uses
Bearings & bushings, Billiard-cue butts, Brush backs & handles, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Drum sticks, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture, Joinery, Machinery parts, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Musical instruments: piano, Musical instruments: strings, Organ pipes, Parquet flooring, Piano keys, Pianos , Pulley sheaves, Sounding boards, Sporting Goods, Sub-flooring, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Violin bows, Violin, Wheel spokes, Wheels, Xylophones
Environmental Profile
| Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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| Abundant |
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Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat
The species is currently considered secure and abundant in its natural habitat throughout most areas in its range including Denmark, Poland, Sweeden, Switzerland and Lithuania. Officially classified as Vulnerable in Latvia.
Distribution Overview
South East England, Thames Valley and locally South Wales and Somerset. Also temperate Europe and Asia Minor. Prefers low lying rich soils or clays and is shade tolerant. Can be coppiced or pollarded and is good for hedges.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Orange |
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| White to cream |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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With green streaks
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Not clearly differentiated from the heartwood. |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Straight |
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| Irregular |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Crossed |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Other figure |
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| Straight |
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| Striped figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Irregular |
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| Crossed |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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False broad rays produce a flecked appearance on quartersawn surfaces.
Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Fine |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Non-durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Perishable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Perishable |
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| Non durable |
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| Very little natural resistance |
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| Susceptible to attack by forest longhorn beetles |
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| Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by furniture beetles |
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| Sapwood is resistant to powder-post beetle attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by common furniture beetle and Ptilinus pectinicornis, but resistant to powder post beetle
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| Schedule E - United Kingdom |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Little or no degrade |
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| Expect resin/gum exudation |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Slowly |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Easy |
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| Shrinkage values from Green to 12% MC (Tangential) = 7% |
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| Shrinkage values from Green to 12% MC (Radial) = 5% |
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| Dries well with little degrade |
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Kiln Drying Rate
Tree Identification
Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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Product Sources
The timber is commercially available from Europe, especially from France.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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As with woods of similar density, timber has a moderate blunting effect on cutting tools.
Cutting Resistance
| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Satisfactory sawing properties |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Satisfactory results for cross-cutting and narrow bandsawing
Gluing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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| Glues well |
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| Easy to glue |
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Movement in Service
| Medium |
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| Not stable/prone to move |
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| Large |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Responds well to planing and other machining operations |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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Resistance to Abrasion
| Highly resistant to wear |
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| Good for flooring |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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| Wood is easily treated |
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Wood absorbs preservatives nicely, with adequate retention
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Variable qualities |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Drying degrade is often moderate to severe, with collapse, buckles, and splilts |
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| Diifficult to veneer |
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Steam Bending
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very good |
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Suitable for most types of bend, may tend to slightly discolor from treatment
Polishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally good |
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| Stains well |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Toughness (total work) = medium |
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| Toughness (total work) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Heavy |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is very high. Maximum crushing strength, or compression strength parallel to grain, is also high. The wood is fairly hard, resisting wear, denting, and marring fairly well. Weight is very high, and it has high density. Strength properties of European hornbeam are comparable to those of European beech, and the timber is considered a suitable alternative to Maple (Acer ) for light industrial flooring
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 9552 | 16011 | psi |
| Density | | 46 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1631 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 49 | 50 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4065 | 7320 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2204 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1468 | 1755 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 311 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 16 | 17 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.53 | 0.61 | |
| Weight | 44 | 44 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 671 | 1125 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 737 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 739 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 124 | 126 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 285 | 514 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 154 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 103 | 123 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 358 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 1.12 | 1.19 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.53 | 0.61 | |
| Weight | 705 | 705 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1957,Timbers for Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Bulletin, No.40
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
HMSO. 1985. Broadleaves. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 20. Text by H.E. Edlin. Revised by A.F. Mitchell. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Laidlaw, W.B.R. 1960. Guide to British Hardwoods. Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Company, Inc., Fresno, California.
Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color - A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Rijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic Publishers
Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30
Standley, P.C.,1927,The American Species of Engelhardlia,Tropical Woods 2(12) pp12-15
Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London
T.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet - No.49Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus,TRADA, Timber Leaflet
T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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