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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Luster Natural Durability Numerical Data References Regions of Distribution Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Substitutes Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Size Scientific Name Celtis australis Trade Name Batkarar Family Name Ulmaceae Synonyms Celtis caucasica Common Names Batkarar, Brimij, Brinij, Celtis, Chena, European hackberry, Khanak, Kharak, Kharak chena, Kharik, Khirk, Ku, Micocoulier, Nettle wood, Nettlewood, Tagho, Takhum Regions of Distribution Eastern Europe, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Afghanistan, India, Nepal Common Uses Agricultural implements, Cabinetmaking, Furniture, Heavy construction, Light construction, Tool handles, Vehicle parts Heartwood Color Yellow Red Orange Sapwood Color White Yellow Grain Even Straight Figure Rays (figure) Texture Medium Medium to coarse Luster High Natural Durability Very durable Resistant to marine borers Resistant to termites The sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Moderately durable Ease of Drying Easy Tree Size Tree height is 30-40 m Substitutes Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Density 40 lbs/ft3 Weight 39 31 lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Density 641 kg/m3 References Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24 Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition