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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Synonyms
Chickrassia tabularis, Chickrassia velutina
Common Names
Agal, Agalai, Aglay, Arrodah, Boga poma, Boga porna, Burma almondwood, Chegarasi, Chickrassy, Chikrassi, Chittagong wood, Dal mara, Dalmara, Eleutharay, Ganti malle, Granti malle, Kaloti, Kinthat-putgyi, Kul hathuri, Lal devadari, Lal devderi, Madagiri vembu, Main, Mallei vepu, Pabba, Repoh, Saiphra, Sey barasi, Tawyinma, Vinma, Yinma
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam
Common Uses
Balusters, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Moldings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Tables , Tables, Textile equipment, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Status unknown in many of its growth areas |
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| Rare in parts of its natural range |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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The environmental profile of this species within its natural habitat in the Orissa State in India is classified as Rare. Its conservation category in Vietnam is Vulnerable. Its status in the wild is currently listed as unknown due to inadequate information in most areas in its range including, China, Myanmar or Burma, India, Nepal, Thailand, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka
Distribution Overview
Widely distributed in the moist tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia where it is a dominant canopy tree. In peninsular Malaysia, it occasionally occurs as a coloniser of bare lands. In the area of natural distribution it is found in the lowlands and up to 800 m altitude, in areas with 1400-4000 mm rainfall/year. Prefers annual rainfall of more than 2000 mm a year, although it tolerates as little as 850 mm but then growth is slow. It thrives in areas with uni- as well as bimodal rainfall regimes. Best growth when mean annual temperature is 20- 25°C and absolute minimum of 5-10°C. Outside its natural distribution it is grown in plantations in West and South Africa plus some Caribbean countries and Costa Rica..
Heartwood Color
| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Orange |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pale brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Golden brown with a reddish cast |
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| Darkens with age |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Fiddleback (figure) |
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| Mottled (figure) |
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| Irregular |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Other figure |
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| Shallowly interlocked |
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| Mottled figure |
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| Irregular |
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| Figure shows fiddleback occasionally |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Fine |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| High |
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| Pronounced |
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| Lustrous |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non durable |
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| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Perishable |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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| Heartwood susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Heartwood has very little resistance to decay |
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Odor
| Slight pleasant fragrance when cut |
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| Seasoned wood has no odor or taste |
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Kiln Schedules
| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 |
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| T6 - D2 (4/4) US |
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| T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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Drying Defects
| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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Ease of Drying
| Easy |
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| Controlled drying conditions will prevent rapid drying and yield best results. |
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Careful stacking under cover is recommended, especially material containing irregular grain.
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Generally strong and hard with low stiffness
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild |
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| Slight |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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Boring
Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Gluing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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Mortising
| Finishes satisfactorily |
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| Difficult to mortise |
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Moulding
| Satisfactory moulding results |
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| Difficult to mould |
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Movement in Service
| Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Good nailing properties |
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Planing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Good planing properties |
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| Easy to plane |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Good response |
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Routing & Recessing
| Routing yields good results |
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Sanding
Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Good screwing properties |
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Turning
Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Softening in hot water improves peeling |
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| Seasons well |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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Painting
Polishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Resists denting and marring |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Heavy |
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| Hardness = medium |
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| Density = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 9264 | 12717 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 990 | 1284 | psi |
| Density | | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1226 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 28 | 36 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4900 | 7050 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1790 | psi |
| Static Bending | 6252 | 7360 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1486 | 1715 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 11 | 12 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.47 | 0.53 | |
| Weight | 40 | 39 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 651 | 894 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 69 | 90 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 556 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 71 | 91 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 344 | 495 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 125 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 439 | 517 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 104 | 120 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.77 | 0.84 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.47 | 0.53 | |
| Weight | 641 | 624 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Brandis, D.,1906,Indian Trees,Constable & Co.Ltd.
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Carrapiett, J.B.,1960,Notes on ornamental timbers of Burma,Burmese Forester,10(1,pp37-53
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Lewis, F.,1934,The Vegetable Products of Ceylon,Assoc. Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd.
Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70
Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2)
Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9
Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary Industries
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols
Rehman, M.A.,1971,Shrinkage studies of Indian Timbers (Chickrassia tabularis,Journal of the Timber Dev. Assoc. of India,17(2,pp24-7
Sekhar, A.C. and S.S. Bhatnagar. 1957. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Woods Tested at Forest Research Institute, Report V. Indian Forest Records, New Series, Timber Mechanics, Volume 1, Number 6. The Manager of Publications, Delhi.
Stevens, W C,1961,Kiln Operators Handbook,HMSO
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
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