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Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Weathering

Scientific Name
Adina cordifolia

Trade Name
Haldu

Family Name
Rubiaceae

Synonyms
Nauclea cordifolia, Adina cordifolia


Wood Image 1

Common Names
Ahnau, Arsanatega, Bandaru, Bangka, Bonglong, Da-kom, Dudagu, Gao, Haldu, Hardu, Hedde, Heddi, Hedu, Hnaw, Holonda, Honangi, Kadambu, Kadawar, Kaddam, Kaim, Kalamb, Kamada, Kan Luang, Kan-luang, Kanapu, Kanu, Karam, Keli-kadam, Kem, Kolon, Komba, Kovao, Kudwal, Kurmi, Kurumba, Kwao, Kwow, Manja-kadambu, Manjakadambe, Manjalkadambai, O-aw, Paspu, Paspu kadambe, Pelpuria, Petpuria, Phurkhona, Roghu, Rudraganapu, Rudrakadapu, Shangdong, Siamese kwao, Tarachapa, Tekoe, Thaing, Tikkoe, Uaspu mundi, Yeludijamaram, Yetega, Yettega, Yongmaw

Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia

Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP]
Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam

Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Balusters, Baskets, Boat building (general), Bobbins, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Handles: woodworking tools, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Musical instruments: piano, Musical instruments: strings, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tables, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Environmental Profile
Abundant/Secure
Globally secure
Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center


Distribution Overview
India, Ceylon, Thailand, and Burma; scattered in mixed deciduous forests.

Heartwood Color
Yellow
Orange
Brown
Red
White
Purple
Yellow to golden-yellow to orange
Reddish brown
Pale brown
Brown
White to cream

Freshly-Cut heartwood is yellow but darkens to pale yellowish-or reddish-brown upon exposure.

Sapwood Color
White
Yellow
Brown
Red
White to yellow
Wide sapwood
Paler than heartwood
Color not distinct from heartwood


Grain
Straight
Interlocked
Crossed
Spiral
Even
Figure
Weak (figure)

Straight
Interlocked
Spiral
Weak figure


Texture
Fine
Uniform
Even or uniform
Very fine
Fine
Very fine to fine


Luster
Medium
High
Lustrous
Pronounced


Natural Durability
Moderately durable
Non-durable
Durable
Perishable
Susceptible to insect attack
Non-resistant to powder post beetles
Resistant to powder post beetles
Moderately durable
Non durable
Durable
Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Perishable


Resistance to decay varies from fair to poor.
The timber has moderate resistance to the harmfuls effects of the weather

Weathering
Good


Odor
No specific smell or taste


Light-Induced Color Change
Darker


Kiln Schedules
Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid
Drying (speed) is fast
Dry at a slow speed


Drying Defects
Checking
Splitting
Distortion
Slight surface checking
Slight end splitting
Slight twist/warp
Slight checking and cracking
No twisting or warping
No end splitting
Expect splits


Ease of Drying
Fairly Easy
Rapidly
Slowly
Easy


Kiln Drying Rate
Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast
Naturally dries quickly
Naturally dries slowly
Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm)


Tree Identification
Bole/stem form is buttressed
Bole/stem form is fluted
Bole/stem form is straight


Tree Size
Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Tree height is 30-40 m
Tree height is 20-30 m
Bole length is 20-30 m
Bole length is 10-20 m
Tree height is 10-20 m
Tree height is 0-10 m
Bole length is 0-10 m
Tree height is 40-50 m
Bark width is 10-15 mm
Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm


Comments
Acid resistant

General finishing qualities are rated as good

Useful for manufacturing saunas, laboratory bench tops, and other applications where acid-resistance is needed

Carving
Fair to Good Results
Good results


Cutting Resistance
Easy to saw
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy
Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy


Gluing
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Easy to glue


Mortising
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Easy to mortise
Finishes well


Moulding
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Fair to Good Results
Easy to mould

The wood can be moulded or shaped with minimum effort.

Movement in Service
Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement
Not stable/prone to move
Large


Nailing
Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Easy to nail
Difficult to nail
Holds nails well


Planing
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Fair to Good Results
Planes well, to a good finish
May produce some torn grain


Resistance to Impregnation
Permeable sapwood
Permeable heartwood
Sapwood is permeable
Heartwood is permeable


Response to Hand Tools
Easy to Work
Responds Readily
Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work
Easy to machine
Works well with hand tools
Variable qualities


Sanding
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Good sanding finish


Screwing
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Screwing yields good results


Turning
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results
Easy to turn
Good results
Excellent


Polishing
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results
Good results


Staining
Fair to Good Results
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Finish is generally good
Good staining properties


Varnishing
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Good results


Strength Properties
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Max. crushing strength = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = high
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Volumetric = small
Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Resists denting and marring
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Heavy
Hardness = medium
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high

Similar in many strength properties to Teak, White Oak, and Hard Maple

Numerical Data
ItemGreenDryEnglish
Bending Strength944612057psi
Density42lbs/ft3
Hardness1076lbs
Impact Strength1928inches
Maximum Crushing Strength53047315psi
Shearing Strength1328psi
Stiffness108513741000 psi
Specific Gravity0.530.56
Weight4542lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%
Volumetric Shrinkage9%
ItemGreenDryMetric
Bending Strength664847kg/cm2
Density673kg/m3
Hardness488kg
Impact Strength4871cm
Maximum Crushing Strength372514kg/cm2
Shearing Strength93kg/cm2
Stiffness76961000 kg/cm2
Specific Gravity0.530.56
Weight721673kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage3%
Tangential Shrinkage7%

References
Arkwright, P.,1955,Know your Timbers No. 16 Haldu (Adina cordifolia,Woodworking Industry,12(4,pp243

Arkwright, P.,1966,Know your Timbers No.148 Haldu (Adina cordifolia,Woodworking Industry,23(11, p43

Armstrong, F.H.,1951,Abrasion Tests on some recently introduced Hardwoods,Wood,16(5, pp90-1

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.

Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series

Carrapiett, J.B.,1960,Notes on ornamental timbers of Burma,Burmese Forester,10(1,pp37-53

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London

Das, N.R., et al,1965,Data on the Natural Durability of Timber Species,Journal of Timber Development Assoc. of India,11(2,pp6-12

Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15

Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO

Fernando, X.M.,1956,Notes on Ceylon Timbers,Ceylon Forester (N.S.,2(3,pp131-8

Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Albizzia spp.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Timber Leaflet

Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1954,Hardwoods for Industrial Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet, No.48

Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42

France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France

Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London

HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.

Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.

Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1

Kinns, H.E.,A Note on the Working Qualities of some Common Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Bulletin (N.S.,pp3-4

Limaye. V.D.,1939,The Comparative Strengths of Some Important Indian Timbers and Their Uses.,Indian Forest Records. Utilisation. Vol.1-A

Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.

Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.

Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9

Ng, F.S.P. (Ed,1989,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 4,Forest Research Institute Malaysia Ministry of Primary Industries

Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press

Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols

Puri, Y.N., et al,1968,Natural Decay of Indian Timbers 5,Indian Forester,94(8, pp609-619

Purkayastha, S.K.,1982,Indian woods: Their identifications, properties and uses, Vol. IV,Myrlacene to Symploceae,Controller of Publications, New Delhi

Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London

Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T

Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24

Sharma, S.N.,1962,Experiments on the High Temperature Drying of some Indian Timbers,(Part.2,Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun Indian Forest Bulletin No.236

Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, Thailand

Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6

Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.

Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]

Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition

WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.









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