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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities

Scientific Name
Daniellia ogea

Trade Name
Ogea

Family Name
Leguminosae

Synonyms
Daniellia similis

Wood Image 1

Common Names
Blaang, Blue bessie, Bolengu, Bungbo, Copal, Daniellia, Ehyedua, Eye dua, Fara, Faro, Gbessi, Gbessie, Gum copal, Gum copal tree, Hyedua, Incenso, Juya, Lonlaviol, N'dola, N'su, Naou, Nsou, Nsu, Ogea, Okineten, Omugo, Oziya, Santan, Shedua, Siadua, Singa, Whoe

Regions of Distribution
Africa

Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP]
Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone

Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture components, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Paneling , Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Tables, Turnery, Vats, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Environmental Profile

Generally secure within its natural habitat

Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center

Distribution Overview
West Africa, particularly common in the rain forest of southern Nigeria. Found in Ghana, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, and Portugese Guinea.

Heartwood Color

Brown

Red

Yellow

Purple

Pink

Orange

Reddish brown

Yellow to golden-yellow to orange

Pale red to pink

Brown

Golden brown with a reddish cast

Whitish
White to cream

Sapwood Color

White

Yellow

Brown

White to yellow

Clearly differentiated from the heartwood

Grain

Interlocked

Straight

Figure

Even

Closed

Wavy

Rippled (figure)

Growth rings (figure)

Weak (figure)

Interlocked

Straight

Wavy

Rippled figure

Weak figure

Moderately to severely interlocked

Clear growth rings (figure)

Texture

Medium

Fine

Coarse

Medium to coarse

Red gummy deposits in parenchyma.

Luster

Medium

High

Pronounced

Lustrous

Natural Growth Defects

Latex or other ducts

Brittleheart frequent-extensive

Natural Durability

Very durable

Durable

Resistant to marine borers

Resistant to termites

Moderately durable

Susceptible to insect attack

Resistant to powder post beetles

Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles

Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)

Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack

Perishable

Non durable

Susceptible to marine borer attack

Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present

The heartwood has little or no resistance to attack by decay causing fungi and other wood destroying organisms such as termites. The sapwood is susceptible to attack by the powder-post beetle, and logs require rapid extraction and conversion after felling to prevent sap stain.

Odor

No specific smell or taste

Silica Content

High

Siliceous

Toxicity

Some toxic effects

Kiln Schedules

Drying (speed) is fast

UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4

UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6

T10-D5S (4/4); T8-D4s (8/4) US

Schedule J (4/4) United Kingdom

Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid

Drying Defects

Distortion

Checking

Slight collapse and honeycomb

Slight twist/warp

The wood may warp slightly, and thicker stock may collapse, although not severely

Ease of Drying

Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Fairly Easy

Slowly

Dries at a fairly rapid rate

Little degrade in thicker stock

Kiln Drying Rate

Naturally dries slowly

Naturally dries at a moderate speed

Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Tree Identification

Bole/stem form is not buttressed

Bole/stem form is straight

Bole/stem form is cylindrical

Bole/stem form is buttressed

Tree Size

Tree height is 30-40 m

Bole length is 10-20 m

Tree height is 20-30 m

Tree height is 10-20 m

Bark width is 10-15 mm

Bole length is 20-30 m

Sapwood width is 10-15 cm

Bole length is 0-10 m

Bark width is 5-10 mm

Bark width is 0-5 mm

Tree height is 40-50 m

Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm

The trees are usually unbuttressed and produce boles that are well-formed, straight, and clear of branches to 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 m). Old trees usually have narrow, slightly raised horizontal rings on the stems.

Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber is occasionally produced from the species and exported in low quantities.

Certified Source

Certified Source

Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect

High to severe

Blunting effect on machining is slight

Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild

Blunting effect on machining is variable

Boring

Fair to good results

Fairly difficult to very difficult

Carving

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Cutting Resistance

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw

Moderate to saw

Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate

Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy

Blunting of saws

Considerable break-out at bottom of cut occurs in both rip-sawing and cross-cutting.

Gluing

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Easy to glue

Glues well

Mortising

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Difficult to mortise

Moulding

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Difficult to mould

Crumbling and crushed fibers are rather common in end-grain material.

Movement in Service

Medium

Stability is rated as medium

Nailing

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Very Good to Excellent Results

Fair to Good Results

Easy to nail

Satisfactory nailing properties

Planing

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Interlocked grain produces distinct ribbon figure

Sharp cutting edges with reduced sharpness angle are required in planing for clean surfaces in quartersawn material

Resistance to Impregnation

Resistant heartwood

Resistant sapwood

Sapwood is resistant

Heartwood is moderately resistant

Sapwood is permeable

Heartwood is resistant

Response to Hand Tools

Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work

Easy to Work

Easy to machine

Moderate blunting effect on cutting edges

Routing & Recessing

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Screwing

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Very Good to Excellent Results

Fair to Good Results

Good screw holding properties

Turning

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Veneering Qualities
Some logs are sliced into decorative veneers for paneling and cabinets

Steam Bending

Very poor

The wood is reported to buckle severely even at a large radius of curvature

Polishing

Fair to Good Results

Very Good to Excellent Results

Good results

Satisfactory results

Staining

Fair to Good Results

Finish is generally good

Finish is generally satisfactory

Varnishing

Fair to Good Results

Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Strength Properties

Bending strength (MOR) = low

Max. crushing strength = medium

Shrinkage, Radial = very small

Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.

Hardness (side grain) = soft

Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate

Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large

Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.

Shrinkage, Tangential = small

Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low

Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate

Shrinkage, Tangential = very small

Shrinkage, Radial = small

Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Work to Maximum Load = very low

Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low

Shrinkage, Radial = moderate

Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft.

Density (dry weight) 15> lbs/cu.ft.

The wood has medium density, low bending strength, very low stiffness and resistance to shock loads, and medium crushing strength. It is a suitable substitute for Rosewood in solid sections

Numerical Data

Item	Green	Dry	English

Bending Strength	6693	10959	psi
Density		29	lbs/ft3
Hardness		862	lbs
Impact Strength		18	inches
Maximum Crushing Strength	3916	6158	psi
Shearing Strength		1482	psi
Stiffness	1017	1317	1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load	5	8	inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity	0.36	0.46
Weight	26	23	lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage	2		%
Tangential Shrinkage	7		%
Volumetric Shrinkage	11		%

Item	Green	Dry	Metric

Bending Strength	470	770	kg/cm2
Density		464	kg/m3
Hardness		391	kg
Impact Strength		45	cm
Maximum Crushing Strength	275	432	kg/cm2
Shearing Strength		104	kg/cm2
Stiffness	71	92	1000 kg/cm2
Work to Maximum Load	0.35	0.56	cm-kg/cm3
Specific Gravity	0.36	0.46
Weight	416	368	kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage	2		%
Tangential Shrinkage	7		%

References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45

Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1955,Faro (Daniellia Spp,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,44, pp17-20

Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department

Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO

Forest Products Research Laboratory, Nigeria,1965,Nigerian Timbers for Matchmaking,Nigeria Fed. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Forest Products,Research Laboratory Report No.5

Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Ogea - Daniellia ogea and Daniellia thurifera,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Timber Leaflet

Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board

HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.

Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data

Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London

ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.

Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series

Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.

Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159

Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.

Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)

Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.

Okoh, I.A.,1970,Kiln Seasoning Studies,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter, 4(2,pp15-18

Okoh, I.A.,1970,Kiln Seasoning Studies,Ghana Forest Products Research Institute Technical Newsletter,4(2,pp15-18

Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEEC

Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press

Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London

Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97

Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38

Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7

Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition

Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London

WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.

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