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Blunting Effect
Boring
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Corrosive Properties
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Afzelia, Aiyo, Aligna, Apa, Azza, Beyo, Bilinga, Chamfuta, Chamfuti, Chanfuta, Chanfuti, Chemnen, Doussie, East African afzelia, Hlafuta, Isbin, Kipapa, Lucky bean, Mahogany bean, Mapoortza, Mbambakofi, Mbarakun, Mbarikwa, Mbembakofe, Mbembakofi, Mfunguji, Mkehli, Mkola, Mkongo, Mkora, Mungongona, Mungoriondo, Mungwingwi, Mupapa, Musacassa, Mussalossa, Mwamba, N'shene, Ompow, Onvru, Oshoshi, Peulmahonia, Pod mahogany, Red-arilled afzelia, Rhodesian mahogany, Shenhe
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stair rails, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Generally secure within its natural habitat |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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| Abundant |
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Distribution Overview
It's natural distribution is in eastern and southern Africa in low altitude woodland and dry forest, 0-1800 m altitude, with a mean annual rainfall around 1000 mm and a temperature range of 17-30°C. Prefers medium to light soil or sand and does not tolerate waterlogging. It is very drought resistant but frost sensitive and slow growing in colder areas. The species has been heavily logged for railway sleepers and is now protected in South Africa.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| White |
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| Pink |
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| Purple |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Dark brown |
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| Yellowish brown |
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| White to cream |
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| Turn reddish brown upon exposure |
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| Pinkish brown |
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It has been compared to a dense-grade of a beautiful mahogany (Swietenia spp.) in appearance
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Whitish |
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| Pale yellow |
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| Pale straw |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Weak (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Irregular |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Other figure |
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| Weak figure |
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| Distinct and fine figure |
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| Irregular |
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Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium to coarse |
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Luster
Natural Growth Defects
Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to marine borers |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Suitable for marine applications |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to teredo worms |
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| Resistant to decay |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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| Moderately durable |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Corrosive Properties
Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Sawdust can cause irritation in some individuals |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Extension of Existing Shakes |
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| Ring Shakes |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight checking and cracking |
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| Shakes may become extended |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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Ease of Drying
| Variable |
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| Slowly |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Little degrade |
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| Variable results. |
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| Radial and tangential shrinkage from 1-2% |
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| Easy |
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| Dries slowly with little degrade |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is fluted |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 0-10 m |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm |
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Boles clear of branching from 12 to 20 feet (3.7 to 6 m.)Very large and spreading
Certified Source
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Generally strong and durable
The wood makes attractive doors, window frames, floors and staircases, and is a popular wood locally for highly ornamental carved doors and chests. It's also a favorite for joinery. The wood contains a yellow dye-stuff (afzelin) which can stain textile materials under moist conditions
Blunting Effect
| High to severe |
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| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Relatively hard wood
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Easy |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Moderate to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting edges are dulled rapidly |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Carefully Controlled Conditions |
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| Difficult to glue |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Use special attention for best results |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Finishes well |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good finishing results |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Difficult to mould (due to rapid dulling of cutters) |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Stable |
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| Extremely stable |
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Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Difficult to plane |
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Requires appropriate tools and a reduced cutting angle of 15 degrees to prevent torn grain.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately treatable |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Responds Poorly |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Wood usually has interlocked grain, making it more difficult to work with hand tools |
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Sanding
The material works to a smooth finish
Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Difficult to veneer |
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| Not suitable for veneering |
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| Difficult to glue |
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| Dense wood |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Moderate |
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| Fair/moderate (,50% of pieces are unbroken during steam bending) |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Stains well |
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| Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract |
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Varnishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight)= 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact strength) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain)= hard |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Heavy |
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| Density = high |
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| Crushing strength = high |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 10961 | 14240 | psi |
| Density | | 51 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2018 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 40 | 32 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6408 | 9565 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2519 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1307 | 1511 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 199 | inch-lbs |
| Work to Maximum Load | 15 | 16 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.59 | 0.62 | |
| Weight | 55 | 50 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 770 | 1001 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 817 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 915 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 101 | 81 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 450 | 672 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 177 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 91 | 106 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 229 | cm-kg |
| Work to Maximum Load | 1.05 | 1.12 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.59 | 0.62 | |
| Weight | 881 | 801 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
References
Alan Schwartz. Rio Rivuma, Boston, MA. Personal Communication, 1993.
Antoine, R.C., et al,1960,Le Debit des Bois a la Scie a Ruban 5 - Etude du Sciage de 13 Bois du,Congo,Belge,I.N.E.A.C. Belguim,Serie Tec., No.60
Arkwright, P.,1959,Know your Timber No.60 Andira inermis,Woodworking Industry,16(3, p151
Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75
Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi
Cardoso, J.G.A., Cardoso, M. de L.J.A.,1960,Estudo Comp. dos Caracs. Histol. de uma Amostra de Madeira com os da,Afzelia quanzensis.,Publ. Series a. Lourenco Marques, Cientifica e Tecnica No.2
Chalk, L., et al,1932,Some East African Coniferae and Leguminosae,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 1
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Dale, I.R., Greenway, P.J.,1961,Kenya Trees and Shrubs,Buchanans Kenya Estates Ltd. Nairobi Hatchards London
Fanshawe, D.B.,1962,Fifty Common Trees of Northern Rhodesia,Natural Resources Board and Forestry Department, Ndola
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Ferreirinha, M.P.,1955,Catalogo des Madeiras de Mocambique (pt 1,Min. do Ultramar Junta Invest. do Ultranar Memorias Serie Botanica, 2
Flynn Jr., J.H. Afzelia quanzensis - Chanfuta. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 27-28.
Goldsmith, B., Carter, D.T.,1981,The Indigenous Timbers of Zimbabwe,Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No.9
Grant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest Department
Hartwig, G.L.F.,1965,Flooring Timbers of South Africa - No.21 Afzelia,The South African Builder,45(12,pp29-30
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R. H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1958,A Summary of the Information Available on the Properties of Afzelia,quanzensis,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec. Moshi Series,No.4
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
McCoy-Hill, M.,1955,Timbers of Tanganyika - Afzelia quanzensis, Fagaropsis and Sterculia,appendiculata,Timber Technology,63(2191,p260
McCoy-Hill, M.,1962,The Protection of Timber from Marine Borer Damage in East African,Waters,8th Brit. Commw. Forestry Conf. East Africa
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Pande et al, G.C.,1972,Rayon Grade pulp from Indian Hardwoods part VI processing of Bakain (M.,azedarach) wood.,Indian Pulp and Paper 26(10) pp143-8
Pardy, A.A.,1952,Notes on Indigenous Trees and Shrubs of S. Rhodesia - Afzelia quanzensis,Ministry of Agriculture and Lands S. Rhodesia Bulletin,No.1640
Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23
Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1
Scott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Sim, T.R.,1921,Native Trees of South Africa,Union of South Africa Department of Mines and Industries Memoir No.3
South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1
Storrs, A.E.G.,1979,Know your Trees - Some of the Common Trees found in Zambia,Zambia Forestry Department, Ndola
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania - Timber Marketing Co. Ltd.,1978,Timber from Tanzania
Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14
Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Afzelia quanzensis (Afzelia, Mbembakfi, Mkora,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Wigg, L.T.,1946,Durability of some East African Timbers,East African Agricultural Journal,12,pp90-100, (Now East,African Agricultural and Forestry Journal)
Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya
Zambia - N.Rhodesia Chamber of Mine,1942,Native Timber,Northern Rhodesia Chamber of Mines
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