Clicking
any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back
to this top position.
Use the following links to
jump to the associated section in the main data.
Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Size
Turning
| |
Common Names
Angu, Apitong, Bebe, Borneo keruing, Dau, Eng, Hagakhak, Heng, Huevos de gato, In, Keruing, Lagan, Lagunero, Mututi, Nogal falso, Palo de pollo, Pau sangua, Sangre, Sangre de drago, Sangrillo, Yang, Yaya sangre
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Philippines
Common Uses
Beams, Boat building, Building construction, Cabin construction, Canoes, Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Crossties, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joists, Lifeboats, Light construction, Pallets, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood, Porch columns, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shipbuilding, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Utility plywood, Veneer
Environmental Profile
| Status unknown due to inadequate information |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Status has not been officially assessed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distribution Overview
Widely distributed in the Philipiines where the dry season is mild, as well as in Borneo. It occurs in forested regions, in flood plains of large and small streams, and also on low hills, up to 1000 feet (305 m) in elevation.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Black |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Green/grey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Reddish brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinkish tint |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinkish brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Orangish to pinkish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Darkens after prolonged exposure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dark brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Color varies considerably |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Green/Grey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pink |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Wide |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Grey |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Buff |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grain
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight to shallowly interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Texture
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even or uniform |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Uniform |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Moderately coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luster
| High |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Non-lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dull |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Natural Durability
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to termites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Susceptible to termite attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack by marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate resistance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood resistance to decay varies by species |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Despite high silica content in some species, resistance to marine borers is low
Odor
| Strong resinous smell associated with freshly cut wood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No specific taste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toxicity
| Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kiln Schedules
| T3 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Schedule D - United Kingdom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drying Defects
| Distortion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Warping can be expected |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Drying at high temperatures may cause resin exudation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Collapse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ease of Drying
| Thick Stock Requires Care |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Little degrade |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| High shrinkage is common |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to season, especially thick or quartered stock |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Radial - 2.5 to 5.5%
Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC
Tangential - 7.5 to 11.5%
Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product Sources
The wood of all species in the genus is almost identical in structure. Differences in weight, hardness, and color are no greater than those found within individuals of the same species growing in different areas. They are usually mixed and marketed together under the trade name of Apitong (from the Philippines) or Keruing (from Malaysia). Timber produced from Malaysia species are the most variable in properties.
Some non-timber products include a somewhat viscous, liquid oleo-resin which is produced by some species in the genus. The resin is known as Minyak keruing in Malaysia and is used locally for caulking boats and for medicinal purposes. Pieces of rotten wood, well soaked in the resin are used as fire-lighters or torches.
Comments
Resin and Silica Content
The timbers contain resin which tends to seep on to surfaces of material dried at high temperatures. Dipterocarpus timbers also contain varying levels of silica, generally less than 0.5% of ovendry weight. Silica levels above 0.05% are generally believed to affect some wood properties
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fairly severe blunting effect on cutters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dulling effect on cutting edges varies with silica content
Boring
| Fair to good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly easy to very easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Saw teeth blunted rapidly and severely by some stock |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Satisfactory sawing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tungsten carbide-tipped saws are recommended for seasoned material
Gluing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fairly difficult to glue |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Large |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The timbers are reported to exhibit high shrinkage during drying, and are capable of rather large movement after manufacture
Nailing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory nailing properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Straight grained and easy to work in most machining operations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Special attention required |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resin may clog equipment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Timber with interlocked grain requires a reduced angle of 20 degrees in planing operations for best results.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sanding
| Good sanding properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Extra care required for stock with high amounts of resin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Screwing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Good turning and woodworking, especially when green |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turning and most other woodworking properties are rated as good in Dipterocarpus timbers, especially straight-grained material in the green condition
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Steaming accompanied by severe resin exudation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Resin exudation impacts polishing/finishing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to polish because of high resin content |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8426 | 14050 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 515 | 782 | psi |
| Density | | 46 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 775 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4224 | 7436 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1346 | psi |
| Static Bending | 5255 | 9325 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1673 | 2070 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 287 | inch-lbs |
| Specific Gravity | 0.48 | 0.53 | |
| Weight | 45 | 37. | lbs/ft3 |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 592 | 987 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 36 | 54 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 737 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 351 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 296 | 522 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 94 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 369 | 655 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 117 | 145 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 330 | cm-kg |
| Specific Gravity | 0.48 | 0.53 | |
References
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H.
Tamesis, F. and L. Aquilar. 1953. The Philippine Mahogany and Other Dipterocarp Woods. Popular Bulletin No. 44. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Republic of the Philippines, Manila.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
