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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
African satinwood, Alinyan, Anyan, Anyaran, Anyendua, Ayan, Ayan movingui, Ayanran, Barre, Berisamdua, Bonsamdua, Diaka-kone, Distemonanthus, Dua-kobin, Duaanyn, Duabai, Duabeyi, Ehoromfia, Ehoromiria, Ehurufen, Ehurufren, Elibengan, Eyen, Fawie, Gue-re, Guradau, Gwada-u, Jao, Ka-kankisa, Kokodua, Kurakakan, Kutreamfo, M'fan, Monkey can't climb, Movinga, Movingui, Mpio, Muvenghi, Ndulii, Nigerian satinwood, Nigerian yellow satinwood, Ogueminia, Ogueminya, Owingue, Sebako, Sella, Tabako, Urumvia, Waiba-yidi, Yellow satinwood
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Balusters, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Ceiling, Chairs, Chemical containers, Chemical derivatives, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Core Stock, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Skis, Sporting Goods, Stairworks, Tables, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Status unknown in many of its growth areas |
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| Secure within many parts of its natural range, but not completely assessed |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Rather secure in Cameroon and Congo. Vulnerable in the Ivory Coast. Status unknown in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo
Distribution Overview
Widely but sparsely distributed throughout the high forests of West Africa, mainly in Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Pink |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Occasional dark streaks |
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| Changes color upon exposure |
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The color of the freshly-cut heartwood darkens from golden-yellow to orange-brown upon exposure, sometimes with dark streaks.
Sapwood Color
| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Pink |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Yellowish brown |
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| Whitish |
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| Grey |
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| Buff |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Wavy |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Closed |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Straight to shallowly interlocked |
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Grain is straight to slightly interlocked and produces a ribbon figure
Texture
| Even or uniform |
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| Uniform |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Coarse |
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Luster
Natural Growth Defects
| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
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| Gum and mineral deposits |
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Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Non durable |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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Resistance to marine borer attack varies with silica content.
Odor
Silica Content
| Contains high levels of silica (> 0.5% of dry weight) |
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The wood is siliceous and may contain up to 1.3% (of ovendry weight) of silica. A silica content of 0.05% is usually considered to be high enough to affect some wood properties
Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| T6 - D4 (4/4); T3 - D3 (8/4) US |
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| Drying (speed) is fast |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Extension of Existing Shakes |
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| Ring Shakes |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| No end splitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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A slight tendency to end-checks, surface-checks, and/or knot-checks, and excessive loss of aromatic oils are the most common drying degrades in this species.
Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Little degrade |
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| Easy |
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| Little degrade if dried properly |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is misshapen |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Tree height is greater than 70 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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The clean, fairly straight and cylindrical bole is reported to develop over a relatively small buttress.
Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced occasionally and exported only in low volumes.
Timber produced by this species is labelled and marketed sometimes as Satinwood.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Reaction Wood - Abnormal wood tissue may be present in some stock.
Strength properties are comparable to those of oak. A yellow-colored dye in the wood may stain fabrics under moist conditions.
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is variable |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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Dulling effect on cutting edges varies with silica content
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Easy |
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The wood works readily with most hand and machine tools but it tends to char in boring
Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Moderate to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Gum-Resin buildup on saws may cause overheating |
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| Easy to saw |
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Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Good gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Responds well to hand and machine tools in mortising |
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The timber responds rather well to both hand and machine tools in mortising and almost all woodworking operations but there may be some dulling effect on cutting edges. Degree of dulling is dependent upon silica content
Moulding
Pick-Up may occur during moulding of quartersawn material. A 20 degree reduction of cutting angle is usually sufficient to produce clean surfaces
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Small |
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| Very stable after seasoning |
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Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Difficult to nail |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Good nailing characteristics |
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There is a slight tendency for the wood to split
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Special attention required |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Planes to a poor finish |
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A reduced angle of 20 degrees is recommended to prevent pick-up in planing quartersawn material.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to screw |
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| Variable |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Satisfactory screwing properties |
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Turning
Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for slicing into decorative veneers |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Moderately easy to veneer |
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| Bolt preparation requires steaming |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderate |
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Painting
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Good staining qualities |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Work to Maximum Load = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 12243 | 17000 | psi |
| Density | | 45 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1278 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 31 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6451 | 8791 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1856 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1484 | 1757 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 12 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.54 | 0.63 | |
| Weight | 44 | 43 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 860 | 1195 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 721 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 579 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 78 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 453 | 618 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 130 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 104 | 123 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.63 | 0.84 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.54 | 0.63 | |
| Weight | 705 | 689 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Bertin, A., Meniaud, J.,1949,Timbers of the Cameroons,Compagnie Francais du Cameroon,(Transl. by F.Jane)
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1947,Movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.2, pp59-62
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1975,Movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.162,pp25-36
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur le,Movingui,C.T.F.T. Information technique,No.104
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 Leaflets
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Freitas, M.C.P.G. de,1961,Madeiras de Angola Series 1,Reprint from Garcia de Orta Lisbon,9(4,pp699-711
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1986. Distemonanthus benthamianus - Ayan. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine.
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Meniaud, J., Bretonnet, F.,1926,Les Bois Coloniaux d'Afrique dans l'Industrie,Publ. de l'Agence Gen. des Colonies
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,1956,Movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,11(1,p45
Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,1957,Landa (Erythroxylum mannii,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,12(12,p37
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.
Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
Scott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
Tropical Timber Information Center U.S.A.,1975,Mansonia (Mansonia altissima,State Univ., New York T.T.I.C. Bulletin,No.1
Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London
Voorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen
Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
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