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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Entandrophragma ferrugineum
Common Names
Atom, Atom assie, Bouboussou rouge, Candollei, Diamuni, Entandrophragma mahogany, Esaka, Heavy mahogany, Heavy sapele, Heavy sapelle, Impompo, Kosipo, Lifaki mpembe, Lifuco, Okpoloco, Omu, Penkkwa akowaa, Penkwa, Penkwa-akowaa, Pepedom, Sapele-heavy, Tshimaie tshikunze, Tshimaye rouge, Unscented mahogany
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Zaire
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Office furniture, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stools, Tables , Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Status unknown in many of its growth areas |
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| Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions. |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Classified as Endangered in Liberia, Rare in Cameroon, and Vulnerable in the Ivory Coast
Distribution Overview
West Africa to Angola and the Congo region (Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria); in evergreen, moist, and transitional formations. A large tree of lowland rainforest.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Purple |
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| Purple |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Purplish brown |
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| Brown |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Pale brown |
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| Grey |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Mottle |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight to interlocked |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Mottled or streaked figure sometimes |
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When present, interlocking grain is reported to produce a mottled or striped figure. Wrinkly grain is also occasionally present.
Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium to coarse |
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| Even textured |
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Luster
Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to pinhole borer |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack by marine borers and termites |
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| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Non durable |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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| Durable |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Silica Content
| Siliceous |
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| Contains silica |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Severe twisting/warping |
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| Moderate collapse and honeycombing |
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Ease of Drying
| Rapidly |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Little degrade |
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| Variable results. |
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| Radial and tangential shrinkage from 4-7% |
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| Easy |
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| Dries slowly |
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It should be stacked carefully to minimize defects. A mild kiln schedule is recommended for best results
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Bark width is 0-5 mm |
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| Bark width is 10-15 mm |
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| Bark width is 5-10 mm |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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Buttresses with heights up to 3 m
Product Sources
The ITTO reports that timber from this species is produced regularly and exported frequently.
Substitutes
Crabwood (Carapa guianensis)
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Timber produced by Omu is comparatively harder and heavier than other species in the genus Entandrophragma.
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is fairly severe |
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| High effect |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Poor to very poor results |
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| Easy |
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| Cutting edges tend to dull rapidly |
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Carving
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Low resistance |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Good properties |
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Mortising
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Difficult to mortise |
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| Easy to mortise |
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| Support material during mortising to prevent break out. |
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| Good mortising properties |
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Moulding
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Difficult to mould |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Tends to tear where interlocked grain is present |
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A reduction of the cutting angle to 20 degrees is recommended for best results.
Movement in Service
Nailing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Good nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Easy to plane |
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A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended
Interlocked material has a tendency to tear.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very good in both routing and recessing |
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Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Yields smooth, clean surfaces |
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Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Good screw holding properties |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Yields smooth, clean surface. |
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| Responds well |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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Steam Bending
Painting
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Stains well |
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Varnishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Easy |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 11263 | 16464 | psi |
| Density | | 44 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1127 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4335 | 7209 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 882 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1188 | 1335 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.49 | 0.68 | |
| Weight | 43 | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 13 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 791 | 1157 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 705 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 511 | kg |
| Impact Strength | | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 304 | 506 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 62 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 83 | 93 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.49 | 0.68 | |
| Weight | 689 | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1950,Kosipo - Entandrophragma candollei,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,15, pp251-4
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1978,Kosipo - Entandrophragma candollei,Bois et Forets des Tropiques No.181,pp29-40
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Fortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, Canada
Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,Resultats des Observations et des essais effectues au CTFT sur Kosipo,C.T.F.T.,No.105
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keen, G.R.,1947,West African Timbers,Wood,12(6, pp172-6
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Okigbo, L., Von Wendorff, G.,1964,Some Nigerian Woods (2nd Edition,Federal Ministry of Information Lagos
Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim
Rendle, B.J.,1938,Commercial Mahoganies and Allied Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No 18
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Tailfer, Y.,1972,Les Acajous de la Foret Dense Zairoise leur Identification Forestiere,Musee Royale de L'Afrique Centrale Sciences Econo
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
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