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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Corrosive Properties
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Entandrophragma rufum, Entandrophragma tomentosa
Common Names
Aboudikro, Acajou sapelle, Assi, Assie sapelli, Atore, Bibitu, Botsife, Bubussu, Cedar, Dilolo, Gold Coast cedar, Kwabohoro, Liboyo, Libuyu, Lifaki, Lifari, Lifuti, Lotue, M'boyo, Miovu, Muyovu, Odupon, Oweru, Penkua, Penkwa, Sapele, Sapele mahogany, Sapele wood, Sapeli, Sapelli, Scented mahogany, Tshimaye noir, Ubilesan, Undianuno, West African cedar
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Zaire
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tables, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting
Environmental Profile
| Secure in many areas of its range |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Vulnerable in Cameroon and the Ivory Coast. It is considered as a Candidate for an environmental status assessment in Ghana and Uganda because it is suspected to be either Extinct, Endangered, Rare, or Vulnerable
Distribution Overview
Ranging from the Ivory Coast to the Cameroons and eastward through Zaire to Uganda (including Ghana). Occurs in evergreen, deciduous, and transitional forest formation.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Purple |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Purple |
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| Red |
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| Dark brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Brown |
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The heartwood is pink when freshly cut, but it matures to a red-brown or purple-brown color.
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Pinkish |
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| Gray-pink |
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| Cream |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Straight |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Mottled (figure) |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Roey (figure) |
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| Fiddleback (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Wavy |
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| Straight |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Distinct and very fine figure |
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| Mottled figure |
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| Roey figure |
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| Moderately to severely interlocked |
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| Fiddleback figure |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Quarter cut Sapele is reported to yield a ribbon, regular stripe or bee's wing. Other cuts feature various desirable patterns, including fiddlebacks, roe or a mottled design, especially in wood containing wavy grain.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Moderately fine |
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| Coarse |
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Luster
| Lustrous |
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| Pronounced |
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| High |
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| Golden luster |
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Natural Growth Defects
Natural Durability
| Very durable |
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| Durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Resistant to marine borers |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Non durable |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to pinhole borer |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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Moderately resistant to African termites.
Odor
Cedar-Like scent that remains even after long exposure.
Light-Induced Color Change
Corrosive Properties
Toxicity
| Respiratory effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Dry at a slow speed |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| Dry at a moderate speed |
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Drying Defects
| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Severe twisting/warping |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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| Moderate cupping |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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| Checking |
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Moderate temperatures are recommended especially during the early stages of drying
Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Variable results. |
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| Difficult |
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| Dries at a fairly rapid rate |
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Quartered material seasons best
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber and is exported regularly.
Sapele is readily available as either veneer or lumber, with prices ranging from average to valuable. Specified grades of Sapele are also easier to fill. Quartered sapele yields beautiful straight stripes. Flat cut wood produces attractive cathedrals and cantilevered hearts and Sapele pommele, a wild blisterered grain pattern present in some trees. Sapele pommele is a highly popular veneer, and is used by designers for architectural interiors, table tops, and wall paneling. The best grades of Sapele are reported to feature a fine pencil stripe of uniform width.
Substitutes
Kosipo (Entandrophragma candollei)
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Sapele is comparable to Oak in strength properties, and is stronger than either African (Khaya ) or American mahogany (Swietenia ).
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Low resistance |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Glues well |
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Mortising
Moulding
| Difficult to mould |
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| Tends to tear where interlocked grain is present |
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| Reduced cutting angle is suggested |
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Movement in Service
Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Good nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Easy to plane |
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Interlocked material has a tendency to tear.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Very difficult to treat |
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| Sapwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Fairly good |
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Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Very good characteristics |
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Screwing
| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Fairly good characteristics |
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Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Yields smooth, clean surface. |
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| Responds well |
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Veneering Qualities
| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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The material is quartered to yield a straight grain appearance, and is usually flat cut for cathedrals.
Steam Bending
Painting
| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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| Excellent results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Stains well |
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Varnishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Work to Maximum Load = low |
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| Toughness (total work) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Toughness (total work) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 9776 | 16221 | psi |
| Density | | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1439 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 35 | 36 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5671 | 8985 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2168 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1356 | 1614 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 14 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.44 | 0.58 | |
| Weight | 41 | 40 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 687 | 1140 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 652 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 88 | 91 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 398 | 631 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 152 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 95 | 113 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.63 | 0.98 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.44 | 0.58 | |
| Weight | 657 | 641 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
References
Abankwah, J.M.,1970,A field test for the Natural Relative Durability of Timbers against Fungal,Decay,Building and Road Res. Inst. Ghana Research Note,No.33
Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75
Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1974,Sapelli - Entandrophragma cylindricum,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,154,pp27-40
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Brown, W.H.,1960,Aspects of Timber Seasoning - Properties of the Genus Entandrophragma,Timber Technology 68(2249, pp108 &115
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Crossley, N., Ogunle, O.A.,1964,Studies on the Suitability of Nigeria Raw Materials for Paper-making 7,Fed. Inst. Ind. Res. Nigeria Research Note, No.26
Eggeling, W.J., Harris, C.M.,1939,Fifteen Uganda Timbers,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire, Imperial Forestry,Institute, Oxford,Part 4
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42
Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
France - C.T.F.T.,1964,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur le,Sapelli,(Entandrophragma cylindricum,C.T.F.T.,Information Tec.,No.193
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Sapele: African Rain Forest Tree Finds a Home in U.S. Offices. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products, Page 11-12.
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1983. Entandrophragma cylindricum - Sapele. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J. H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland Maine. 1994. Page 153.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Lavers, G. M. 1966. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50. Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Okigbo, L., Von Wendorff, G.,1964,Some Nigerian Woods (2nd Edition,Federal Ministry of Information Lagos
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim
Rendle, B.J.,1938,Commercial Mahoganies and Allied Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No 18
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Sallenave, P.,1968,Reflexions sur quelques essences tropicales utilisables en menuiserie de,batiment,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.121,pp55-66
Sawyerr, J.S.,1960,The Silviculture and Utilization of Terminalia Spp., Entandrophragma Spp.,,Nauclea Spp.,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford Thesis
South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128
Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953
Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer Uganda
Tailfer, Y.,1972,Les Acajous de la Foret Dense Zairoise leur Identification Forestiere,Musee Royale de L'Afrique Centrale Sciences Econo
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
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Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
Uganda Forest Department,1954,Endandrophragma Spp.,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet No.14
Uganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17
Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1
Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47
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