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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Boring Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Luster Mortising Moulding Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Texture Toxicity Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Scientific Name Excoecaria agallocha Trade Name Milky mangrove Family Name Euphorbiaceae Common Names Aloe, Ausus, Ayas, Bat, Bat´Nigak´iy, Bebuta, Buta-buta, Chilla, Eas, Gangwa, Garu, Geon, Geor, Geria, Geva, Gewa, Hara, Hasi, Ias, Kayaw, Kayu, Komatti, Losus, Milky mangrove, Ousus, Paradise wood, Phungali, Sasi, Surund, Tala kiriya, Tayaw, The eye-blinding plant, Thilla, Tilai, Uguru, Yekin Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu Common Uses Boxes and crates, Building materials, Charcoal, Clogs, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Light construction, Matchboxes, Matches, Millwork, Moldings, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Tables , Tables, Toys, Trimming, Utility furniture, Wainscotting, Windows Environmental Profile Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat Generally secure within its natural habitat Distribution Overview Africa, across the Asian subcontinent to Japan, Southeast Asia to Australia and the Pacific Islands. Rare in Singapore. Often found on rocky shores and in mangrove swawps. Heartwood Color Red Brown White to cream Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Pinkish white Pale red to pink Pale brown Sapwood Color White Yellow Color not distinct from heartwood White to yellow Grain Straight Even Texture Fine Fine to medium Moderately fine and even Luster Lustrous Freshly cut wood is lusterous Natural Durability Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to termites Non-durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Non durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Perishable No natural resistance Unsuitable for exterior use without preservative treatment Odor No distinct taste Aromatic odor on fresh-cut surfaces Toxicity Poisonous Poisonous Medicinal purposes Dermatitic effects Dermatitic effects Produces saponin, which is reported to cause temporary blindness. Ease of Drying Slowly Radial and tangential shrinkage from 1-2% Easy Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Comments Good source of sulpahte pulp Boring Fairly difficult to very difficult Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Mortising Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Moulding Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Resistance to Impregnation Sapwood is treatable Heartwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Difficult to machine Sanding Fairly Easy to Very Easy Turning Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 5296 9924 psi Crushing Strength 407 1054 psi Density 27 lbs/ft3 Hardness 711 lbs Maximum Crushing Strength 2592 4433 psi Shearing Strength 1113 psi Static Bending 3178 4556 psi Stiffness 805 1084 1000 psi Toughness 297 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.4 0.42 Weight 26 23 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % Tangential Shrinkage 5 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 372 697 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 28 74 kg/cm2 Density 432 kg/m3 Hardness 322 kg Maximum Crushing Strength 182 311 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 78 kg/cm2 Static Bending 223 320 kg/cm2 Stiffness 56 76 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 342 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.4 0.42 Weight 416 368 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 2 % References Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3 Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea. Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-H Mohammed Mohiuddin,1990,Wood Anatomy of six low density Hardwoods (Alstonia scholaris,,Anthocephalus chinensis, Bombax ceiba, Bombax insigne, Excoecaria,agallocha and Trewia nudiflora) of Bangladesh,Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bulletin 9 Wood Anatomy,Series Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.