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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Cabacalli, Caballi, Capricornia, Chaquiro, Congrio blanco, Copi, Copie, Couepi, Coupi, Cupiuba, Cupiuva, Goupi, Goupi glabra, Goupie, Goupil, Kabiuk, Kaboekalli, Kabukaii, Kabukalli, Kapie, Keopi, Koepie, Kopi, Kopie, Kopiye, Kupiye, Paraguero, Piaunde, Pilon, Saino, Sapino, Stinkwood, Tento, Waramai, Zahino
Regions of Distribution
Central America, Latin America
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Brazil, Colombia, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Bent Parts, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Construction, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Drawer sides, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mine timbers, Office furniture, Paneling, Piling, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Poles, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Roofing, Rustic furniture, Stools, Sub-flooring, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable |
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| Extinct |
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| Abundant/Secure |
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| Endangered |
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| Status has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
Uplands of the lower Amazon, the Guianas, and the Serrania de San Lucas, Carare-Opon, Rio Cauca Valley, and other regions of Colombia. Also in Surinam and Brazil.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Pink |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Purple |
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| Pale brown |
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| Orange brown |
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| Darkens upon exposure |
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| Black |
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The heartwood is described as light reddish-brown or brown beige to orange brown and darkens slightly upon exposure.
Sapwood Color
| Brown |
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| White to yellow |
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| Pinkish |
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| Different than heartwood |
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| Well defined |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Color not distinct from heartwood |
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| Brownish |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Even |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Other figure |
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| Interlocked |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Fine to medium |
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Luster
| Low |
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| Lustrous |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Dull |
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Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to attack by marine borers |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
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| Resistant to attack by termites |
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| Resistant to attack by dry wood insects |
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| Resistant to attack by brown-rot and white-rot fungi |
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Little natural resistance
Odor
| Has an odor |
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| Has a taste |
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| No specific smell or taste when dry |
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| May have a strong unpleasent smell when green |
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The wood has a fetid odor when green. The dry wood has no discernible odor and is tasteless
Silica Content
Light-Induced Color Change
Kiln Schedules
| T7 - B3 (4/4) US/T7 - B3 (4/4) US |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Warping can be expected |
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| Slight spring/bow |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No cupping, generally |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Distortion (twist/warp) is likely |
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| Checking |
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| Case hardening |
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Ease of Drying
| Slowly |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Little degrade |
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| Requires slow to moderate drying schedule. |
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| Requires care |
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| Difficult to air dry |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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Product Sources
The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber. The timber is exported at a low rate.
Certified Source
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
The timber is highly favored as an all purpose wood in the Guianas. It is reported to compare favorably with oak, except in shock resistance, splitting, compression, and cleavage.
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Cuting edges are dulled moderately |
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Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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| Poor to very poor results |
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| Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) |
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| Easy |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to carve |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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Gluing
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Fair gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Difficult to mould |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Large |
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Nailing
| Easy to nail |
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| Poor nailing properties |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Planes to a poor finish |
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| Special attention suggested for best results |
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| Easy to plane |
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Material containing interlocked grain is generally difficult to plane. A cutting angle of 15 degrees is recommended.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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| Heartwood is very resistant |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Routing is easy |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Interlocked grain stock is difficult to sand
Screwing
Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Easy to turn |
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The material can be turned easily but there is usually a large amount of dust.
Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for slicing |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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| Easy to cut |
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Painting
| Surface preparation required |
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| Satisfactory results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Fair staining properties |
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Varnishing
| Satisfactory |
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| Good results |
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Strength Properties
| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to the grain) = very high |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = very high |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 12787 | 18323 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 1310 | 2063 | psi |
| Density | | 52 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 2004 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6663 | 9555 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2081 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1922 | 2267 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 129 | inch-lbs |
| Specific Gravity | 0.65 | | |
| Weight | 50 | 41 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 13 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 899 | 1288 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 92 | 145 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 833 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 909 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 468 | 671 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 146 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 135 | 159 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 148 | cm-kg |
| Specific Gravity | 0.65 | | |
| Weight | 801 | 657 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
References
Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais Guyana
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brazier, J.D.,1975,Properties and uses of Brazilian woods,Journal of the Institute of Wood Science,7(2,pp50-57
Brazil -, I.B.D.F.,1980,Woods from Tucurui - characteristics and application,The Ag. Ministry Brazilian Institute for Forest Development
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Constantine, Jr., A. J. 1959. Know Your Woods - A Complete Guide to Trees, Woods, and Veneers. Revised Edition. Revised by H.J. Hobbs. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
Ducke, A.,1943,The Most Important Woods of the Amazon Valley,Tropical Woods,12(74,pp1-15
Edmondson, C.H.,1949,Reaction of Woods from S.America and Caribbean areas to Marine Borers in,Hawaiian Waters,Caribbean Foresters,10(1,PP37-41
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Falla Ramirez, A.,1971,Resultados de Estudios Fisico-Mechanicos de Algunas Maderas de la Serrania,de San Lucas. (Some timbers of the San Lucas mountain range.,Plegable Divulgativo, Div. Forestal, Inderena Colombia,pp6
Falla Ramirez, A.,1971,Resultados de los estudios Fisico-Mecanicos de 41 especies Maderables de,la,region Carare-Opon. (Results of studies of the physical and mechanical,properties of 41 timber species of the Carare-Opon region.,Inst. de Desarrollo de los Recursos Naturales Renovables. Div. For.,Pleagble Divulgativo, Inderena Colombia,pp6
Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT
France - C.T.F.T.,Goupi - Goupia glabra,C.T.F.T. Information Techniques No. 287
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Guyana Forestry Department,1951,British Guiana Timbers - Kabukalli (Goupia glabra,British Guiana Forestry Department Leaflet 8
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207
Loureiro, A.A., Freitas da Silva, M.,1968,Catalogo das Madeiras da Amazonia (2 vols,Min. do Ultramar Belem Brasil
Mainieri, C.,1978,Fichas de Caracteristicas das Madeiras Brasileiras,Inst. Pesquisas Technologicas
Martin-Lavigne, E.,1909,Recherches sur les Bois de la Guyane,Vigot Freres Paris
Morton, J.F.,1965,Can the Red Mangrove Provide Food Feed and Fertilizer?,Economic Botany, 19(2,pp113-23
Polak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The Netherlands
Record, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University Press
Record, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. Press
Record, S.J.,1938,The American Woods of the Orders Celastrales, Olacales and Santalales,Tropical Woods,7(53,pp11-38
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Slooten, H.J. van der,1970,Evaluation Study of eighteen Wood Species from Guyana for Veneer and,Plywood Manufacture,Forest Industries Development Survey FAO Report SF/GUY9 Tech. Report,No.13,U.N.D.P.
Surinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest Service
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Teixeira, D. E., M. A. E. Santana and M. Rabelo de Souza. 1988. Amazonian Timbers for the International Market. ITTO Technical Series 1. Brazilian Institute for Forestry Development, Brazil.
Villamil, F.G.,1971,Maderas Colombianas,Proexpo Colombia
Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.
Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187
Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
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