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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Australian silky oak, Australian silky-oak, Carvalho sedoso, East African silky oak, Gravilea, Greirllea, Grevilea, Grevilia, Grevillea, Helecho, Kawilia, Lacewood, Pino rojo, Roble de pelota, Roble de seda, Roble redoso, Silk oak grevillea, Silky oak, Southern silky oak, Tuggan-tuggan
Regions of Distribution
North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Australia, South Africa, United States
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Moldings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Stairworks, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Endangered |
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| Extinct |
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| Abundant/Secure |
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| Status has not been officially assessed |
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Distribution Overview
Native to eastern Australia but planted extensively as a shade tree for coffee and tea plantations and as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions. Can be found in Tanganyika and some areas of the U.S. It has gained widespread popularity in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical highland regions of many countries, originally as a shade tree for tea and coffee and more recently as an agroforestry tree for small farms. It provides economically valuable products including timber, poles, firewood and leaf mulch; it is easy to propagate and establish and is relatively free of pests and diseases; its proteoid roots help it grow in low-fertility soils; it does not compete strongly with adjacent crops; and it tolerates heavy pruning of its roots and branches. The natural habitat of G. robusta is in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, Australia, where it occurs from the east coast to as far west as the Bunya Mountains, Queensland, up to an altitude of 1120 m.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Orange |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Red |
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| Pink when freshly cut |
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The heartwood is a distinct pink or light red when freshly cut, darkening to pale or red-brown upon drying.
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Pink |
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| Red |
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| Brown |
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| White to yellow |
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| Well defined |
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| Straw colored to grayish-white |
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| Same as heartwood |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Mottled (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Rays figure |
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| Straight |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Figure shows mottle |
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| Occasionally wavy |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Broad rays and alternating darker and lighter colored bands combine to form a woven pattern which gives Silky-oak a very striking figure.
Texture
| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Very fine |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Fair to medium coarse |
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The wood is diffuse porous, and the texture is described as fairly coarse.
Luster
Rays are highly lustrous, but background wood tissue is rather dull in appearance.
Natural Growth Defects
| Gum/resin streaks |
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| Gum and mineral deposits |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Durable |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by termites |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by pinhole borers |
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| Moderately resistant to attack by marine borers |
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| Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Material in the green or dry condition may cause skin irritation in some individuals. Finished wood is safe to handle
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1 |
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| T3 - C2 (4/4); T3 - C1 (8/4) US |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Checking |
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| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Resin Exudation |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| Severe end splitting |
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1 inch (2.5 cm) thick boards are relatively easy to air-dry. There is some tendency for thicker stock to distort, check, and end-split especially if boxed heart is present. Honeycombing and twisting may also occur under harsh kiln-drying conditions.
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Variable |
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| Gum Exudation |
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| Rapidly |
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| Thick Stock Requires Care |
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| Moderate |
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| Mild drying schedule recommended |
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| Easy |
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| Dries slowly |
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Material containing boxed heart has a high tendency to degrade during seasoning
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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The species is often displaced on favorable growing sites by Eucalyptus, which consists of numerous species some of the largest hardwoods.
Product Sources
Silky oak is costly on the US market because of transportation costs and special processing costs required to maximize its figure. The material is available in adequate supplies in its native Australia.
Comments
Deposits and Other Growth Features
Silky-Oak is closely similar to American mahogany (Swietenia ) in most strength properties. It is rated much weaker than all the true Oaks, but its strength properties are adequate for use in fine furniture.
Vessels contain red deposits, and some trees contain small knots and numerous gum streaks
Blunting Effect
Boring
| Fair to good results |
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| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Very good results |
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| Moderately easy |
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| Easy |
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The timber has very good woodworking properties. It responds well to hand and machine tools in boring, moulding, mortising and all woodworking operations to produce clean surfaces. It works readily with both hand and machine tools.
Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Good carving characteristics |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Green material saws easily, but sawteeth may become clogged by gum. Seasoned wood has better sawing properties.
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Finishes well |
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| Moderately easy to mortise |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good finishing results |
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| Easy to mould |
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| Moulding ease is moderate |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Medium |
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The timber has medium dimensional stability after manufacture.
Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Nails hold poorly |
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| Holds satisfactorily |
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| Holds nails well |
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| Good nailing qualities |
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| Easy to nail |
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Silky-Oak has good nailing qualities and can accept even rather large diameter fasteners without splitting.
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Easy to plane |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
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| Fair planing properties |
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Dominant rays tend to cause chipping during planing operations, but silky-oak is more pleasant to work with than most of the true Oaks because it is less dense.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is permeable |
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Response to impregnation is variable
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Good response to hand tools |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good sanding qualities |
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Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Poor results |
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| Easy to turn |
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Although Silky oak is highly figured, it responds remarkably well in turning operations
Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| No drying degrade |
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| Easy to cut |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| Steaming required to prepare bolts |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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Silky-Oak is reported to produce some of the most attractive inlays when radially sliced into veneers. The combination of highly lustrous rays over rather dull background tissue reflect light in a manner which makes radially sliced veneers very attractive.
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Moderate |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Very good |
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| Good results |
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Material with lifted rays, caused by moisture changes, may need further surface preparation or sanding in order to achieve good polishing results.
Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Very good staining properties |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 6299 | 10507 | psi |
| Density | | 38 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 927 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 2929 | 5090 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1267 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1062 | 1191 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | | 93 | inch-lbs |
| Specific Gravity | 0.47 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 36 | 28 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 442 | 738 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 608 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 420 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 205 | 357 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 89 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 74 | 83 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | | 107 | cm-kg |
| Specific Gravity | 0.47 | 0.54 | |
| Weight | 576 | 448 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
References
Arno, J. 1992. Grevillea robusta - Silky oak. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 175-176.
Audas, J.W.,Native Trees of Australia,Whitcombe & Tombs PTY. Ltd
Australia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1968,Working Properties of some Native and Imported Timbers,Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Technical Publication No.8
Australia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1988,Furniture Timbers of New South Wales,Forest Commission, N.S.W., Aust. Tech. Publication No.1
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75
Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building Research
Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35
Bolza, E. and N.H. Kloot. 1963. The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 25. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1963,The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.25
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 8 Australasia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Bryce, J.M., Norcross, H.,1961,The Resistance of Tanganyika Timbers to Impregnation,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec .Tech. Note,No.28
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
Gay, F.J., Et al,1955,Standard laboratory colonies of termites for evaluating the resistance of,timber, timber preservatives and other materials to termite attack.,C.S.I.R.O., Australia Bulletin,No.277
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Kloot, N.H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 12. Commonwealth scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23
Poynton, R.J.,1972,Characteristics and uses of trees and shrubs,South African Forestry Department Bulletin,No.39
Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1
Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36
Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29
Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania - Timber Marketing Co. Ltd.,1978,Timber from Tanzania
Tanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14
Tanzania Forest Department,1961,The Movement of Timbers Technical Note No.29,Tanzania Forest Department, Utilisation Division Technical Note
Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1962,Grevillea robusta (African silky oak: Southern silky oak: Kawilia,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of Tanganyika
Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi
Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1
Uganda Forestry Department,1954,Pilot tests of strength properties of some Ugandan grown timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber leaflet No. 46
Youngs, R.L.,1964,Hardness, density and shrinkage characteristics of silk oak from Hawaii,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison Research Note 074
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