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Blunting Effect Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Luster Natural Durability Natural Growth Defects Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Silica Content Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Turning Scientific Name Heritiera littoralis Trade Name Barit Family Name Sterculiaceae Synonyms Heritiera minor Common Names Barit, Baut, Bayagkabayo, Bayor laut, Bayui, Chandmara, Chomuntiri, Choomuntri, Cui, Dongon, Dumon, Dungon de mangle, Dungon-dagat, Dungon-lalau, Dungon-lante, Dungon-lata, Dungon-late, Dungon-latian, Dungon-pakat, Dungon-pakatan, Dungun, Dunnia, Etuna, Heritiera, Kanazo, Kannady ilai, Kolland, Looking-glasstree, Magayao, Malarungon, Mawtda, New Guinea heritiera, Ngawan kai, Palogapig, Palugapig, Palungapoi, Panurapin, Paronafin, Pelir kambing, Pinlekanazo, Red mangrove, Sunder, Sundri, Sundrichand, Tulip mangrove Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Australia, Brunei, Burma, Hawaii [US], India, Malaysia, New Caledonia Island [France], Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Decks, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Piling, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction, Wheel spokes, Wheels Heartwood Color White Reddish brown Dark brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Red Pale brown Dark brown Sapwood Color Paler than heartwood White to yellow Pinkish Same as heartwood Grain Interlocked Straight Figure Even Rippled (figure) Weak (figure) Texture Medium Fine to medium Medium Fine Luster Dull Natural Growth Defects Whitish deposits in vessels Natural Durability Perishable Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to powder post beetles Moderately durable Durable Non durable Resistant to attack from marine borers Very durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to Termite (lsoptera) attack Resistant to wood staining fungal attack Perishable Silica Content Severe Drying Defects Moderate surface checking Moderate end spitting Ease of Drying Easy Difficult Moderate Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is misshapen Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect Blunting effect on machining is severe Cutting Resistance Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Planing Difficult to plane Resistance to Impregnation Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is extremely resistant Sapwood is permeable Sapwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Difficult to machine Easy to machine Turning Good results Easy to turn Polishing Satisfactory results Strength Properties Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = large Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11230 17405 psi Density 52 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Impact Strength 54 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5905 8762 psi Shearing Strength 2205 psi Stiffness 2110 2435 1000 psi Weight 51 43 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % Volumetric Shrinkage 10 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 789 1223 kg/cm2 Density 833 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Impact Strength 137 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 415 616 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2 Stiffness 148 171 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 817 689 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 9 % References Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11 Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34 Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6 Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13 Chowdhury, K.A., Ghosh, S.S.,1958,Indian Woods: Their identification, properties and uses Vol. I,Dilleruaceae to Elaeocarpaceae,Manager of Publications, Delhi, India Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Chu, Y.P.,1969,Some basic strength properties of 22 timbers from Christmas Island,Malaysian Forester 32(2) pp201-2 Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3 Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea Foxworthy, F.W., Woolley, H.W.,1930,Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forest Record,No.8 Foxworthy, F.W.,1921,Commercial woods of the Malay Peninsular,Malayan Forest Records No.1 Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed. I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993 Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1 Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A. Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi. Osborne, L.D.,1970,Decay resistance of South-West Pacific rain forest timbers,C.S.I.R.O.,Div. for Prod., Tech. paper No.56 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7 Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry Department Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6 Watson, J.G.,1928,Mangrove Forests of the Malay Peninsular,Malayan Forest Records No.6 Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17