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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Gluing Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Resistance to Splitting Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Scientific Name Holoptelea grandis Trade Name Anakwa Family Name Ulmaceae Synonyms Hymenocardia grandis Common Names Anakwa, Avep-ele, Aweb, Awob, Ayo, Bala, Butungu, Gomboul, Inajoko, Kekele, M'bosso, Mumuli, Mutaa, Mutawale, Nemba, Nemba-mbolo, Olazo, Orange barked terminalia, Ulazo Regions of Distribution Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Congo, India, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Uganda, Zaire Common Uses Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Matches, Millwork, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Tool handles, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Purple Red Green/grey Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Pale red to pink Pale brown Sapwood Color Brown Yellow Same as heartwood Grain Interlocked Figure Even Straight Distinct (figure) Rippled (figure) Stripe (figure) Interlocked Straight Striped figure Rippled figure Distinct figure Texture Fine Even or uniform Uniform Fine to medium Medium Fine Luster Low Lustrous Slightly lustrous Natural Durability Durable Moderately durable Resistant to termites Susceptible to Termite (lsoptera) attack Non durable Moderately durable Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Perishable Moderately resistant to marine borer attack Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Odor Has an odor Kiln Schedules UK= C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Drying (speed) is fast Dry at a moderate speed Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Drying Defects Checking Splitting No surface checking No end splitting Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Thick Stock Requires Care Easy Moderate Kiln Drying Rate Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is misshapen Bole/stem form is fluted Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m Comments General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect High to severe Boring Fair to good results Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Carving Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Gluing Easy to glue Mortising Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to mortise Finishes well Moulding Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Good finishing results Easy to mould Movement in Service Small Nailing Easy to nail Difficult to nail Planing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to plane Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable sapwood Heartwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Resistance to Splitting Poor Response to Hand Tools Easy to machine Routing & Recessing Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Routing is difficult Finishes poorly Sanding Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good sanding finish Easy to sand Turning Fair to Good Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor results Difficult to turn Polishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Satisfactory results Strength Properties Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Max. crushing strength = high Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = soft Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very high Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 11749 17953 psi Density 42 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1127 lbs Impact Strength 32 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 5573 8368 psi Shearing Strength 2205 psi Stiffness 1403 1625 1000 psi Weight 41 33 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % Volumetric Shrinkage 12 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 826 1262 kg/cm2 Density 673 kg/m3 Hardness 511 kg Impact Strength 81 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 391 588 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2 Stiffness 98 114 1000 kg/cm2 Weight 657 528 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 4 % Tangential Shrinkage 8 % References Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Chalk, L.,1933,Twenty West African Timber Trees,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 2 Dalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the Colonies Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Forest Products Research Laboratory, Nigeria,1967,Holoptelea grandis,Nigeria Fed. Department of Forest Research, Ibadan, Forest Products,Research Laboratory Report No.13 Fouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. Belguim Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76 France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T. Sharma, S.N., et al,1960,Experiments on the High Temperature Drying of some Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Bulletin (N.S.,No.230 Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer Uganda Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Uganda Forest Department,1955,Mumuli (Holoptelea grandis,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.24