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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Kiln Schedules Luster Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Size Turning Scientific Name Holoptelea integrifolia Trade Name Animaram Family Name Ulmaceae Synonyms Ulmus integrifolia Common Names Animaram, Arjan, Aval, Aya, Ayil, Ayli, Banchilla, Charha, Chilbil, Chilla, Chillar, Chilmil, Chilwal, Chirhol, Chorha, Churla, Daurango, Dhamna, Dhumnah, Goda-kirilla, Indian elm, Kacham, Kachao, Kaladri, Kalipapri, Kandru, Kanju, Karanjalam, Karanjel, Karanji, Karinji, Kauchia, Khulen, Kumba, Kunj, Kunja nali, Myaukseik, Nali, Namli, Navili, Papar, Papara, Papra, Papri, Peddanowli-eragu, Pyaukseik, Rajain, Ras bija, Tapasi, Tapsi, Thale, Thapsi, Vavli, Velayil, Vellayim, Wavuli, Wawali, Wowoli Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Burma, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Fuelwood, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Paneling, Plywood, Poles, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Toys, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative Heartwood Color Yellow Red Purple Brown Green/grey Orange Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Sapwood Color Same as heartwood Grain Interlocked Interlocked Texture Fine Medium Luster Low Lustrous Natural Durability Durable Very durable Perishable Non-durable Moderately durable Non durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Moderately durable Kiln Schedules UK= C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid Drying Defects Splitting Checking Distortion Slight twist/warp Slight cupping No surface checking No end splitting Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Slowly Easy Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries slowly Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Tree Size Bole length is 10-20 m Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 20-30 m Blunting Effect Moderate High to severe Cutting Resistance Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Planing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is moderately resistant Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Easy to machine Turning Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Poor results Good results Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Strength Properties Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 8244 12907 psi Density 35 lbs/ft3 Hardness 1658 lbs Impact Strength 34 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 3916 6397 psi Shearing Strength 2847 psi Stiffness 1131 1321 1000 psi Weight 34 27 lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 579 907 kg/cm2 Density 560 kg/m3 Hardness 752 kg Impact Strength 86 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 275 449 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 200 kg/cm2 Stiffness 79 92 1000 kg/cm2 References Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government Press Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9 Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols Sekhar, A.C.,1967,Some Indian Timbers Equivalent to Foreign Timbers,Van Vigyan 5(1&2,pp18-24 Sharma, S.N., et al,1960,Experiments on the High Temperature Drying of some Indian Timbers,Indian Forest Bulletin (N.S.,No.230 Sono, P.,1974,Merchantable Timbers of Thailand.,Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,,Thailand. Sweet, C.V.,1922,Further experiments in the air-seasoning of Indian timbers and general,recommendations as to seasoning methods.,Indian Forest Records IX part V, Delhi, India Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6