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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Silica Content
Staining
Strength Properties
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Andaman thingan, Borneo yacal, Cay sao ba, Che ke, Chengal, Chengal kampong, Chengal mas, Chengal pasir, Chengal pulau, Co ky, Damar poetih, Dasal lanang, Djempina, Gagil, Jangkang, Kan ki, Kawang, Kedemoet, Ken, Khaen, Khen, Khen hua, Ko ki, Koki, Koki mosau, Koki thmar, Luis, Mai takien, Manggachapui, May ken, Merawan, Merewan, Net, Nggir, Rimda, Rinda, Safed thingan, Sanga, Sao, Sao den, Sao hoki, Sauchi, Sawkwar, So ke, Takhian, Takhian thong, Takhian tong, Takhian yai, Takhian-tong, Takian, Takien, Thingab, Thingan, Thingan byu, Thingan net, Thingan wa, Thinsingan, Thong, Tjengal, Wa, White thingan
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Beams, Boat building (general), Boat building, Bridge construction, Broom handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Clogs, Concrete formwork, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Decorative plywood, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Joists, Ladders , Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Piling, Planks, Plywood, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Shade rollers, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Windows
Environmental Profile
| Endangered |
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| Abundant/Secure |
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| Extinct |
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| Rare |
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| Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Status unknown in parts of its natural habitat |
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| Secure in many areas of its range |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
Andaman Islands, Thailand, Indo-china, and the Malay Peninsula where it is also planted in villages as a shade tree. It also grows in Chittagong in East Pakistan.
Heartwood Color
| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Orange |
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| White |
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| Green/grey |
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| Black |
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| Red |
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| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
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| Pale brown |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Yellowish tan |
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| Darkens upon exposure |
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| Brown - yellowish |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Well defined |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| White to yellow |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Even |
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| Streaks (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Striped figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Resin canals produce white streaks |
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| Occasionally interlocked, but not always |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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Backsawn material is usually streaked with conspicuous lines of resin canals.
Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Coarse |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Fine to medium |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| High |
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| Lustrous |
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| Pronounced |
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| Dull |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Whitish deposits in vessels |
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| Gum/resin streaks |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Resistant to pinhole borers and termite attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Silica Content
Resin Content
Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK= C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 |
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| T3 - C2 (4/4) US |
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| T3 - C1 (8/4) US |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow |
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Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Checking |
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| Splitting |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Slight surface checking |
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Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy |
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| Rapidly |
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| Thick Stock Requires Care |
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| Slowly |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Rapid |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is not buttressed |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Bole length is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 250-300 cm |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Bark width is 15-20 mm |
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| Bark width is 10-15 mm |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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Product Sources
Species in the Hopea genus are reported to produce timbers that may fall into one of two groups, referred to by the name of the best known species in that group. The two classes are the Yacals and the Mangachapuys. Timbers in the Yacal class are harder, heavier, stronger, darker (when fresh), more resistant to decay, and more cross-grained. Commercially, the Yacals are reported to include several species of Shorea and of Vatica which produce timbers that are almost identical. The Yacals are the most abundant of the very hard, strong, and durable high-class construction timbers of the Philippine Islands.
Apart from timber, the tree is also a source of other non-timber products: the bark yields large amounts of tannin that is especially suitable for curing certain types of leather, the bark itself is used in medicine as an astringent, and the tree produces 'rock dammar'. Powdered resin from the tree is also used as styptic.
Certified Source
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Little |
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| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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| Poor to very poor results |
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| Easy |
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| Difficult |
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| Areas of interlocked grain affect results |
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Carving
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Generally good results |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Moderate to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Difficult to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is moderate |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is moderate |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Mortising
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Interlocked grain effects mortising |
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| Easy to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Easy to mould |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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Planing
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Ease of planing is moderate |
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| Reduction of cutting angle prevents tearing in areas of irregular grain |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is extremely resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Yields a smooth, clean finish |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Routing is easy |
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Sanding
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Turning
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Good results |
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Veneering Qualities
| Difficult to veneer |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
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| Bending Strength | 10040 | 15692 | psi |
| Density | | 47 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1658 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 33 | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5114 | 8360 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 2047 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1591 | 1829 | 1000 psi |
| Specific Gravity | 0.6 | 0.63 | |
| Weight | 52 | 46 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 9 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 705 | 1103 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 753 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 752 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 83 | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 359 | 587 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 143 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 111 | 128 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.6 | 0.63 | |
| Weight | 833 | 737 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chowdhury, K.A. and S.S. Ghosh. 1958. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume I - Dilleniaceae to Elaeocarpaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Fundter, J.M.,1982,Names for Dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia,Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands
Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.
Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses, and Suitability. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 2. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi
Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi
Menon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27.
Netherlands - Houtinstituut T.N.O,1964,Sao - Hopea odorata Roxb.,Houtinstituut T.N.O, Delfr.
Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols
Sono, P.,1974,Merchantable Timbers of Thailand.,Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,,Thailand.
Suvarnasuddhi, K.,1950,Some Commercial Timbers of Thailand - Their Properties and Uses,Royal Forest Department, Thailand
Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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