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Blunting Effect
Boring
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resin Content
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Mimosa sirissa
Common Names
Acacia, Acacia amarilla, Algarrobo de olor, Amor platonico, Aroma, Barba de Caballero, Bengha, Beymada, Black ebony, Cabello de venus, Chichola, Chinchula, Darshana, Dirasana, Dormilon, East Indian walnut, Frywood, Gachoda, Garso, Gokiru, Harreri, Hirih, Indian albizzia, Kal baghi, Kat vage, Kat vaghe, Kinhi, Kokko, Langil, Lebbeck, Lebbek, Lega, Mai-kokko, Mara, Pedda duchirram, Pruek, Samkesar, Sirai, Sirin, Siris, Siris tree, Sirisha, Sirsul, Tama-kai, Tibet, Tinia, Vaga, Vagei, Vaghe, Weru, West Indies ebony, Woman's tongue, Womans tongue tree, Womens tongue, Ye-ho-shu
Regions of Distribution
Africa, Central America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Australia, Belize, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Laos, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Caledonia Island [France], New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico [US], Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, Vanuatu, Vietnam
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: percussion, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stair rails, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes, Wheel spokes, Wheels
Environmental Profile
| Abundant/Secure |
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| Generally secure within its natural habitat |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
Indigenous to South-East Asia and Australia (including several regions in India, Bangladesh, the lower hill forests in Burma, and dry regions in Sri Lanka). It has been widely cultivated and is now pantropical. It grows well in areas with 600-2500 mm rain/year but tolerates as little as 300 mm. The altitudinal range is 0-1800 m and mean annual temperature 20-35ºC. Grows well on fertile, well-drained loamy soils but poorly on heavy clays. It tolerates acidity, alkalinity, heavy and eroded soils, and waterlogged soils. It is nitrogen-fixing, tolerant to drought and older trees can survive grass fires and intense night frost. While fire and frost will kill off aboveground growth of young trees, new growth will normally follow. A. lebbeck is also an introduced species elsewhere in the tropics, and can be found growing wild in Nigeria.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
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| Red |
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| Black |
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| Dark brown |
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| Brown |
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| Pale brown |
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| Golden brown with a reddish cast |
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Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| Brown |
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| Green/Grey |
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| Red |
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| White to yellow |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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Grain
| Interlocked |
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| Figure |
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| Straight |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Closed |
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| Other (figure) |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Generally straight, but not always |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct and fine figure |
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| Other figure |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Striped figure |
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| Moderately to severely interlocked |
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The wood has heavily interlocked grain, which produces a ribbon figure on the radial surface. Vessel flecks are reported to produce a figured tangential surface that is similar to the lauans (Shorea spp.), but with more luster
Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Medium to coarse |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| High |
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| Lustrous |
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| Pronounced |
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Natural Durability
| Moderately durable |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Very durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-resistant to marine borers |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Very durable |
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| Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Susceptible to attack by marine borers and termites |
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| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Non durable |
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| Heartwood resistant to decay |
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Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Resin Content
A reddish resin is present in the wood
Toxicity
| Some toxic effects |
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| Respiratory effects |
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| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Sawdust can cause irritation in some individuals |
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Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
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| UK=E US=T6D2/T3D Fr=5 |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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| Uk=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 |
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| T6 - D2 (4/4); T3 - D1 (8/4) US |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Moderate surface checking |
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| Severe end splitting |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Variable |
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| Medium to High Shrinkage |
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| Slowly |
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| Requires special attention |
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| Easy |
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| Difficult |
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| Variable results. |
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| Moderate |
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| Controlled drying conditions will prevent rapid drying and yield best results. |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Slow |
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| Drying rate is slow |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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| Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 0-10 m |
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Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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| There is some significant blunting effect on cutting tools |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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| Material with interlocked grain can be difficult. |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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| Glues well |
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Mortising
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Moulding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Stable |
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| Small |
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| Holds shape well |
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Nailing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Variable, from difficult to satisfactory |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Difficult to plane |
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| Advised to reduce cutting angle |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to Work |
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| Difficult to machine |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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Turning
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor results |
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| Difficult to turn |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Good |
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Painting
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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| Surface treatment advised |
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Staining
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finish is generally good |
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Varnishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Modulus of Elasticity = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Density (dry Weight) = >50 lbs/cu. ft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 9308 | 14150 | psi |
| Density | | 40 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1322 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 29 | 28 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 5499 | 8824 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1918 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1538 | 1836 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 8 | 8 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.48 | 0.52 | |
| Weight | 45 | 39 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 654 | 994 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 641 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 599 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 73 | 71 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 386 | 620 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 134 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 108 | 129 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.56 | 0.56 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.48 | 0.52 | |
| Weight | 721 | 624 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
Arno, J. 1989. Albizia lebbeck - Lebbek. In A Guide to Useful Wood os the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 32-33.
Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1956,Asamela (Afrormosia elata,Bios et Forets des Tropiques,No.50,pp17-20
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 3 Southern Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Carrapiett, J.B.,1960,Notes on ornamental timbers of Burma,Burmese Forester,10(1,pp37-53
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.
E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Fors, A.J.,1965,Maderas Cubanas,Inst. Nac. Ref. Agraria La Habara
France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. France
Freitas, M.C.P.G. de,1963,Maderas da India Portuguesa,Lisbon Mem. Junta de Invest. do Ultramar,No.47
Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
India - Forest Research Institute,1970,Indian Timbers - Kokko (Siris,Forest Research Inst. & Colleges Dehra Dun Information Series,No.6
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1953. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 4, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.
Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.
Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249
Nation Research Council,1980,Firewood Crops Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production,National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C.
Nazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols
Ramesh, Rao K., Juneja, K.B.S.,1971,Field Identification of Fifty Important timbers of India,Dehra Dun India
Ramesh, Rao K., Purkayastha, S.K.,1972,Indian Woods - Their Identification Properties and Uses,Dehra Dun India,Vol. 3
Rao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Schneider, E.E. 1916. Commercial Woods of the Philippines: Their Preparation and Uses. Bulletin No. 14. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Forestry, Manila, Philippines.
Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Malaysia
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