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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Drying Defects Ease of Drying Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Weathering Scientific Name Ilex cymosa Trade Name Bengkulat Family Name Aquifoliaceae Common Names Bengkulat, Timah-timah Regions of Distribution Oceania and S.E. Asia Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Brunei, Burma, Malaysia Common Uses Matches Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Grey Orange Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Brown Sapwood Color Yellow White Brown Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Straight Figure Even Distinct (figure) Rays (figure) Straight Rays figure Distinct figure Texture Medium Fine Even or uniform Uniform Fine Natural Durability Moderately durable Susceptible to insect attack Perishable Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Non-resistant to powder post beetles Resistant to termites Non-durable Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Non durable Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Weathering Excellent Drying Defects Slight end splitting Ease of Drying Moderately Difficult to Difficult Medium to High Shrinkage Thick Stock Requires Care Difficult Tree Identification Bole/stem form is not buttressed Tree Size Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm Bole length is 20-30 m Tree height is 40-50 m Bole length is 30-40 m Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm Tree height is 30-40 m Tree height is 20-30 m Blunting Effect Moderate Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Nailing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Planing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Resistance to Impregnation Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Permeable heartwood Permeable sapwood Response to Hand Tools Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Easy to Work Responds Poorly Screwing Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Poor to Very Poor Results Polishing Fair to Good Results Strength Properties Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Density 32 lbs/ft3 Weight 31 25 lbs/ft3 Item Green Dry Metric Density 512 kg/m3 References Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15 Sarawak Forest Department,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Forest Department, Sarawak, leaflet No.45