Clicking
any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back
to this top position.
Use the following links to
jump to the associated section in the main data.
Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Corrosive Properties
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Painting
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Intsia bakeri, Intsia plurijuga
Common Names
Aizella, Anglai, Borneo teak, Go nuoe, Hintsy, Ipil, Kwila, Lum-pho, Lumpha, Lumpho, Makhamong, Marbau, Merbau, Miraboo, Miraboo laut, Mirabow, Tat talun, Tat-talun, V'ula, Vesi
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Australia, Burma, Fiji [Polynesia], India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Decks, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Tables, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wharf construction, Wheel spokes
Environmental Profile
| Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within its range |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Distribution Overview
The two very closely related species are widely distributed throughout Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Pacific Islands (Fiji, Solomons, Vanuatu). The resource is not large, but international demand for the timber is high.
Heartwood Color
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Red |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Purple |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reddish brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dark brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pale brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dark brown |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Greenish to greyish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The heartwood is yellowish to orange brown when first cut, but it matures into brown or dark red-brown upon exposure. Vessels are often filled with yellowish or whitish deposits, conspicuous on the surface. Color variation between boards is moderate to high.
Sapwood Color
| White |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| White to yellow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Well defined |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Width is 1.5 to 2 inches (4 to 5 cm).
Grain
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Growth rings (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Closed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Even |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rippled (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ribbon (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Interlocked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Distinct figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Straight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Clear growth rings (figure) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rippled figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ribbon figure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Texture
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium coarse to coarse |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Luster
| Lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dull |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Variable luster |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slightly lustrous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Natural Growth Defects
| Yellowish deposits in vessels |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Whitish deposits in vessels |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wood contains a dark brown gummy substance that leaches out steadily with water, and stains textiles.
Natural Durability
| Non-durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Perishable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to insect attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to termites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Very durable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderately resistant to marine borer attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is susceptible to insect attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant to attack from marine borers |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Highly resistant to termite attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood is susceptible to wood staining fungal attack |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Odor
| Characteristic odor, easily detectable when worked. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Astringent taste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Light-Induced Color Change
Corrosive Properties
Toxicity
| Unspecified toxicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Respiratory effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Dermatitic effects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Drying (speed) is fast |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drying Defects
| Distortion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Splitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Slight surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Slight cupping |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate surface checking |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate end spitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wood may distort slightly during drying. To prevent end checking, sealing has been suggested.
Ease of Drying
The wood should be dried at a fairly rapid rate to avoid discoloration. Harvesting and converting in the winter or before the hot weather is suggested to retain the white color
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Naturally dries quickly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole/stem form is fluted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tree Size
| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole length is 10-20 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 40-50 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood width is 10-15 cm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bark width is 20-25 mm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bole length is 20-30 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tree height is 50-60 m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The tree is described as large, developing a bole that is described as often fluted, rather short and thick
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
The timber of Merbau is comparable in strength to that of hickory (Carya ), but it is less dense
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Severe effect |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Severe dulling effect on cutting edges |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good boring properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carving
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting Resistance with green wood is difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Saw teeth are gummed up easily and dulled quickly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to saw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Carbide tipped tools are recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gluing
The wood is reported to glue well (except with casein glues) but requires considerable filling. Oily surfaces may cause difficulties.
Mortising
| Finishes well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to mortise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutters may blunt rather rapidly |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Moulding
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees is recommended in moulding quartered surfaces
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Unstable with Poor Stability - Large Movement |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Stable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reports indicate significant movement in service in actual installations.
Nailing
| Pre-Boring Recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Difficult to nail |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tends to split during nailing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Pre-boring recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Holds nails well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Planes well, to a good finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to plane |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to plane |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The wood is rather difficult to plane, especially if the grain is interlocked. When planing quartered material with interlocked grain, it is recommended that the cutting angle be reduced to 20 degrees to minimize tear and pick up.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant sapwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Resistant heartwood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Heartwood is highly resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sapwood is permeable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Heartwood is resistant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resistance to Splitting
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Variable qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Responds fairly well to hand tools |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Moderate working qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to machine |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cutting edges are dulled quickly and severely |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
| Satisfactory sanding properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| May be some interference from oily patches |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good sanding finish |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Screwing
| Good screw holding properties |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Difficult to screw |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turning
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Easy to turn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Severe blunting effect on cutting edges because of interlocked grain and silica content |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Veneering Qualities
| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good gluing qualities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Diifficult to veneer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Steam Bending
| Poor because of oil exudations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Painting
| Takes paint well |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Satisfactory results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Occasional surface preparation may be required because of oily patches |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Good results |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Reacts with Iron to discolour wood |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Material in contact with ferrous metal and moisture may be stained black |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Varnishing
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Max. crushing strength = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hardness (side grain) = hard |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 11015 | 15558 | psi |
| Crushing Strength | 911 | 1303 | psi |
| Density | | 49 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1654 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 36 | 39 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6189 | 8442 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1802 | psi |
| Static Bending | 5870 | 8604 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1950 | 2199 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 13 | 15 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.63 | 0.65 | |
| Weight | 54 | 48 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 774 | 1093 | kg/cm2 |
| Crushing Strength | 64 | 91 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 785 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 750 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 91 | 98 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 435 | 593 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 126 | kg/cm2 |
| Static Bending | 412 | 604 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 137 | 154 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.91 | 1.05 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.63 | 0.65 | |
| Weight | 865 | 769 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % |
References
Australia,C.S.I.R.O.,1978,Kivila (Merau) - Intsia biyuga and Intsia palembanica,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Information Service Sheet No.10-39
Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, Sarawak
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318.
Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15
Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.
Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Gamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. London
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods. 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1
Kloot, N. H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Technological Paper No. 12. Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19
Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry Board
Lee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Company, Inc., Fresno, California.
NWFA. 1994. Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring. Technical Publication No. A200. National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.
Oey Djoen Seng,1964,Specific gravity of Indonesian woods and its significance for practical,use,Communication No.1. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor, Indonesia
Papua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, Brisbane
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature Bureau
Sono, P.,1974,Merchantable Timbers of Thailand.,Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok,,Thailand.
Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis Tennessee
Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73
Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-Indonesia
The Australian Timber Journal & Building Products, Merchandiser,1969,Timber Durability and Preservation,Supplement to Australian Timber Journal 35(4) Tech. Timb. Guide No.8
Thomas, A.V.,1932,Timber tests: Merbau (Intsia bakeri,Malayan Forester 1 pp159-62
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Malaysia
Wyatt-Smith, J.,1979,Pocket Checklist of Timber Trees,Malayan Forest Records No.17
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
Search
the web for anything relating to wood and forest products.
|
|
