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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
Weathering
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Common Names
Akhor, Akrot, Ancona, Auvergne, Basilikon, Binbogh, Black Sea walnut, British walnut, Carua, Caucasian walnut, Charmaghz, Charmagz, Circassian walnut, Dun, Dur, English walnut, European walnut, French walnut, Gretski aryekh, Italian walnut, Jaoz, Juglans, Ka, Kabotang, Kabshing, Kamkhol, Kaukasisches, Kharot, Khol, Khor, Ko-tiao, Kol, Krot, Nussbaumholz, Okhar, Orzech wloski, Persicon, Spanish walnut, Starga, Tagashing, Than, Thanka, Thitcha, Titcha, Ughz, Waghz, Walnut
Regions of Distribution
Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burma, China, Croatia, France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Pakistan, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia
Common Uses
Baskets, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture, Gunstocks, Joinery, Living-room suites, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Paneling, Poles, Rifle stock, Sporting Goods, Tables, Toys, Turnery, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes
Environmental Profile
| Generally secure within its natural habitat |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Classified as Vulnerable in China
Distribution Overview
Native to the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe, but often found growing wild eastward to Himalayas and China. Widely cultivated throughout this region and elsewhere in temperate zone of the Old and New World. Thrives in temperate Himalayas from 1,000 to 3,000 m altitude. In North America, thrives as far north as New York State. Introduced from Spain by way of Chile to California about 1867. In 1873 'Kaghazi' was introduced in northern California and a seedling 'Eureka' has become the important source of our commercial varieties. Thrives on rich, sandy loam, well-drained, slightly acid or neutral.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Pink |
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| Purple |
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| Greenish to greyish |
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| Brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Black |
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| Purple |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Greyish brown |
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| Contains dark streaks |
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Wood at the central portion of trees are often clearly distinct from the normal heartwood. This phenomenon occurs in timber with wavy grain. The color is reported to bleach because of the action of UV light and requires inhibitors in finishes.
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Well defined |
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| White to yellow |
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| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood |
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Grain
| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Wavy |
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| Burrs (figure) |
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| Very fine |
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| Variable (figure) |
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| Even |
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| Closed |
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| Mottled (figure) |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Straight |
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| Wavy |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Figure shows burrs |
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| Figure occurrence is very fine and distinct |
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| Variable figure |
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| Mottled figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Occasionally wavy |
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| Irregular color |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Texture
| Medium |
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| Fine |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Medium |
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| Fine to medium |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| High |
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| Low |
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| Slightly lustrous |
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| Pronounced |
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| Lustrous |
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Natural Durability
| Moderately durable |
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| Durable |
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| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Resistant to termites |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Durable |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by furniture beetles |
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| Non durable |
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Logs are also susceptible to attack by the forest longhorn (Buprestid) beetles.
The heartwood is fairly durable.
Weathering
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Toxicity
| Respiratory effects |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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Kiln Schedules
Drying Defects
| Distortion |
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| Splitting |
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| Slight collapse and honeycomb |
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| Moderate end spitting |
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| Honeycomb may develop in thicker stock |
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Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Medium to High Shrinkage |
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| Rapidly |
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| Reconditioning Treatement |
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| Easy |
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| Moderate |
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| Difficult |
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| Variable results. |
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Radial: 3.0%
Shrinkage from green to 12% MC
Tangential: 5.5%
The wood dries well, but slowly.
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Rapid |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 20-30 m |
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Diameter sometimes up to 150 cmMost trees are reported to grow in open areas, where they develop widespreading crowns of lustrous foliage
Product Sources
European walnut is very limited in availability, and can be obtained only in the form of veneer. It is typically priced in the expensive range.
Certified Source
Substitutes
Aningre (Aningeria altissima and Aningeria robusta), Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and Ntene (Copaifera religiosa) are all possible substitutes.
Mutenye (Guibourtia arnoldiana) is a possible veneer substitute.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Reaction with Metals - Blue-black stains may develop on surfaces of damp wood that comes in contact with iron or iron compounds.
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Medium effect |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Responds fairly well to boring |
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Carving
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Good carving properties |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Brown - medium value |
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Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Easy to glue |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Yields a clean surface |
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| Finishes satisfactorily |
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Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Satisfactory moulding qualities |
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Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Medium |
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| Stable |
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| Small |
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Seasoned wood has moderate dimensional stability, and shows medium movement after manufacture.
Nailing
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Holds nails well |
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Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Planed surfaces are relatively clean |
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| Fairly easy to work |
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Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Sapwood is permeable |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work |
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| Responds Readily |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Variable qualities |
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Response to hand tools is rated as fairly good
Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Routing characteristics are rather fair
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Sanded surfaces are usually clean |
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| Good sanding finish |
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| Easy to sand |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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Turning
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Easy to turn |
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| Good results |
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| Responds well to machine tools to yield fairly clean surfaces |
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Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling |
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| Veneers easily |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Difficult to veneer |
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| Veneers moderately easy |
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| No drying degrade |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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Steam Bending
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Good results |
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| Excellent results |
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Staining
| Reacts with Iron to discolour wood |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Excellent staining qualities |
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Uv light inhibitors are essential in finishes to prevent color from bleaching.
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Max. crushing strength = high |
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| Hardness (side grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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European walnut wood has high natural durabilty, high mechanical properties, weight, density, and high dimensional stability, qualities which are reported to combine to make it the best of all timbers for gun-stock.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 10376 | 16163 | psi |
| Density | | 40 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 1215 | lbs |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4662 | 7284 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1391 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1358 | 1568 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Weight | 39 | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 8 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 729 | 1136 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 641 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 551 | kg |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 327 | 512 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 97 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 95 | 110 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.49 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Weight | 624 | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Brisbin, R.L. and Sonderman, D.L.,1973,American Woods - Birch,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-221
British Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chen, C.L.,1962,The Physical Properties of 101 Chinese Woods,Forest Products Journal 12(7) pp339-42
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. London
Coombes, A.J. 1992. Trees - The Visual Guide to More than 500 Species from Around the World. Eyewitness Handbooks. Published in the United States by Dorling Kinderley, Inc, New York. Distributed by Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Findlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PP
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
HMSO. 1985. Broadleaves. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 20. Text by H.E. Edlin. Revised by A.F. Mitchell. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Kaiser, Jo-ann. Wood of the Month: Claro - The West Coast Walnut. Wood and Wood Products, August, 1992. Page 50.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods Laboratory
Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242
Laidlaw, W.B.R. 1960. Guide to British Hardwoods. Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.
Lincoln, W. A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Company, Inc., Fresno, California.
Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical Press
Pearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 vols
Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43
Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. London
Saeed Ahmed, S., Mahammad Ayaz, and Taj Mohammad,1977,Properties and Uses of Commercial Timbers in Pakistan,Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Division of Forest Products Bulletin,No.3
Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30
Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. London
T.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADA
Tewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6
Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London
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