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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Certified Source
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Synonyms
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
| |
Synonyms
Khaya agboensis, Khaya euryphylla, Khaya mildbraedii, Khaya wildemannii
Common Names
Acajou blanc, Acajou d'Afrique, Acajou krala, Acajou mangora, African mahogany, Ahafo, Ahafo mahogany, Ahafo timber, Akwantannuro, Anthotheca, Arwabotioro, Benin mahogany, Benin wood, Bie-eh-nasa, Diala, Dubini, Dukuma fufu, Dukuma-fufu, Funfun, Ghana mahogany, Grand Bassam mahogany, Heavy African mahogany, Ivory Coast mahogany, Khaya, Khaya mahogany, Kirumbo, Krala, Kruba, Krumben, Kwabaho, Kwabohori, Kwabohoro, Kwantannuro, Lagos wood, Lpaki, Lra, Mangona, Mpohe, Munyama, Ngollon, Nigerian mahogany, Odupon, Ogigedu, Ogwango, Ogwango nofuwa, Red mahogany, Smooth barked African mahogany, Uganda mahogany, White mahogany
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Interior construction, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Sporting Goods, Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Endangered |
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| Secure in many areas of its range |
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| Little threat to its survival, at least in the immediate future |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, DR Congo, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The species occurs in lowland evergreen forest.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Brown |
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| Yellow |
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| Orange |
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| Pink |
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| Purple |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Turn reddish brown upon exposure |
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| Pink |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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It usually lacks the yellowish-brown color that is common in the paler shades of American mahogany (Swietenia).
Sapwood Color
| Yellow |
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| White |
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| Very fine |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| White to yellow |
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| Pinkish |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Well defined |
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| Color not distinct from heartwood |
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It is usually about 2 inches (5 cm) wide and is not always clearly differentiated from the heartwood.
Grain
| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Wavy |
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| Even |
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| Very fine |
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| Closed |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Roey (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight |
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| Wavy |
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| Striped figure |
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| Figure occurrence is very fine and distinct |
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| Roey figure |
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Some logs produce attractively figured timber highly suitable for decorative applications.
Texture
| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Even or uniform |
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| Uniform |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Variable |
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| Fine to medium |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| Low |
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| Natural luster |
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| Lustrous |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Brittleheart is rare or absent. When present, it is sparse in amount |
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| Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive |
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Natural Durability
| Susceptible to insect attack |
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| Non-resistant to termites |
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| Durable |
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| Non-resistant to powder post beetles |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Non durable |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by furniture beetles |
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| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Moderately resistant to termite (Isoptera) attack |
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| Heartwood susceptible to termite attack |
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| Heartwood moderately resistant to decay |
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| Durable |
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Standing trees and logs are also vulnerable to attack by forest longhorn or Buprestid beetles.
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Dermatitic effects |
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| Sawdust from machining operations can cause skin irritation in some individuals |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Checking |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| No end splitting |
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Tension wood, which is sometimes present, may cause the timber to distort severely during drying. Shrinkage is relatively small in wood without tension wood.
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy |
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| Moderately Difficult to Difficult |
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| Variable |
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| Rapidly |
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| Slowly |
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| Easy |
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| Variable results. |
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| Seasons rapidly with little degrade |
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Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries quickly |
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| Naturally dries slowly |
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| Slow |
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| Rapid |
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| Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast |
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| Drying rate is slow |
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| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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| Bole/stem form is misshapen |
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Tree Size
| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm |
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| Tree height is 50-60 m |
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| Bole length is 20-30 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
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| Bole length is 30-40 m |
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| Tree height is greater than 70 m |
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| Tree height is 60-70 m |
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| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm |
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| Tree height is 40-50 m |
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| Trunk diameter is 250-300 cm |
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| Trunk diameter is 300-350 cm |
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Relatively well-formed boles over buttresses that may be 9 feet (2.7 m) high
Product Sources
This species is usually marketed together with other very similar Khaya species as African mahogany. They are readily available in a wide range of sizes at a moderate price. The material is also obtainable in the form of plywood from many suppliers.
About 18500 cubic feet (500 cubic met.) per week supply of Khaya anthotheca is available from sustainably managed sources in Africa.
Certified Source
Substitutes
Crabwood (Carapa guianensis) is similar in appearance and is nearly as tough. Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) has superiod strength properties. African canarium (Canarium schweinfurthii) is extremely similar in appearance once it is stained.
Comments
Abnormal Growth Defects - Brittleheart is present in some logs, producing compression failures in the form of thunder shakes, cross-breaks, heart-breaks, etc. The defect is more prevalent in figured logs. Logs may also contain abnormal wood tissue in the form of tension wood.
African mahogany is described as a timber with medium density and a pleasing appearance. It has good machining qualities and high dimensional stability, and is highly favored in the furniture industry for a wide variety of applications. It is also used for boat building, and is suitable for almost all parts of boats. The timber is suitable for almost all applications where a good quality, medium weight hardwood is required.
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect
| Moderate |
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| High to severe |
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| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Moderate effect |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy |
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| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
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| Fair to good results |
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| Easy |
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Boring, turning, mortising, and other machining operations are reported to vary, but are generally satisfactory, except in woolly material and those containing interlocked grain.
Carving
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw |
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| Moderate to saw |
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| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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Cross-Cutting and narrow bandsawing are satisfactory
Gluing
Mortising
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Finishes satisfactorily |
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| Difficult to mortise |
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Moulding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Difficult to mould |
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Square block is reported to produce considerable tearing, and French head is not recommended for wooly material.
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability - Medium Movement |
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| Excellent Stability - Small Movement |
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| Small |
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| Shows only small movement after manufacture |
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| Dimensionally stable after seasoning |
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Nailing
| Pre-Boring Recommended |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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Planing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Planes well, to a good finish |
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| Planes to a satisfactory finish |
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| Easy to plane |
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Material containing interlocked grain requires a reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees to prevent tearing. Machining properties are reported to vary, and is mainly dependent upon wooliness and interlocked grain. Sharp thin-edged cutters are recommended for best results.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Permeable heartwood |
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| Resistant heartwood |
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| Permeable sapwood |
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| Resistant sapwood |
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| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Heartwood is resistant |
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The sapwood responds fairly well to treatment.
Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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The wood works well with hand tools, but requires sharp cutting edges, especially if material is wooly
Sanding
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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Screwing
| Pre-boring recommended |
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| Easy to screw |
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Turning
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
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Veneering Qualities
| Difficult to veneer |
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| Easy to cut |
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| Suitable for slicing |
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| Suitable for peeling |
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| There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits |
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| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Good gluing qualities |
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Steam Bending
| Very poor |
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| Severe buckling and fiber rupturing are common |
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| Poor |
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Material from East Africa responds moderately well to steam bending, but the timber performs generally very poorly in steam bending operations
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Excellent results |
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Staining
| Fair to Good Results |
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| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Surface Preparation |
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| Poor results |
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| Stains well |
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| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = high |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = large |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = large |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
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| Medium weight and density |
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| Hardness = medium |
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| Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = very high |
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Comparable to Teak. It is lower in compression strength and maximum crushing strength than teak. It resists denting and marring about as well as white oak or birch
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 8120 | 12265 | psi |
| Density | | 32 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 918 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 24 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3712 | 6185 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1693 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1162 | 1377 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 7 | 8 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.4 | | |
| Weight | 32 | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 11 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 570 | 862 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 512 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 416 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 60 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 260 | 434 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 119 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 81 | 96 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.49 | 0.56 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.4 | | |
| Weight | 512 | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 6 | | % |
References
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Bhat, R.V.,1970,Pulping of Tropical Hardwoods,Indian Pulp and Paper Technology Association IPPTA,7(3,pp203-214
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1979,Acajou D'Afrique (Khaya spp.,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,183,pp33-48
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Eggeling, W.J., Harris, C.M.,1939,Fifteen Uganda Timbers,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire, Imperial Forestry,Institute, Oxford,Part 4
Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. 1994. A Guide to Useful Wood of the World. Arno, J., Flynn Jr., J.H., and Kline, M., Contributors. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine.
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT
France - C.T.F.T.,Recuil de Fiches Techniques,C.T.F.T.
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Greenway, P.J.,1947,Mahogany in East Africa 1 The Khayas,East African Agricultural Journal,13,pp8-14,[East African Agricultural,and Forestry Journal]
Hedin, L.,1930,Commercial Mahoganies of French Cameroons,Tropical Woods,3(21,pp1-5
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3
Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)
Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.
Normand, D., Sallenave, P.,1958,Characteristiques et Proprietes des Acajous,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,59,pp43-52
Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23
Pieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent Belguim
Rio Rivuma. 1995. Khaya anthotheca - Potential Commercial Species from the Zaire Basin System. Rio Rivuma, 229 A Street, Boston, MA.
Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T
Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra Leone
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38
Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128
Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press Oxford
Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953
Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer Uganda
Tailfer, Y.,1972,Les Acajous de la Foret Dense Zairoise leur Identification Forestiere,Musee Royale de L'Afrique Centrale Sciences Econo
Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons
Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]
Titmuss, F.H. 1965. Commercial Timbers of the World. Third Edition (Enlarged of A Concise Encyclopedia of World Timbers). The Technical Press Ltd., London.
Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd edition
U.K. - Colonial Forest Resources Development Department,1939,British Colonial Timbers - Woods recommended for Various Uses,Colonial Forest Resources Development Department,London
U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72
Uganda Forest Department,1934,Uganda Mahogany (Khaya anthotheca,Uganda Forestry Department
Uganda Forest Department,1954,Khaya anthotheca,Uganda Forestry Department, Timber Leaflet, No.13
Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1
Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47
Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London
Voorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen
WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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