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Blunting Effect
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Gluing
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Kiln Schedules
Light-Induced Color Change
Luster
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Natural Growth Defects
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
Product Sources
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Staining
Steam Bending
Strength Properties
Substitutes
Texture
Toxicity
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Veneering Qualities
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Common Names
Acajou bassam, Acajou blanc, Acajou d'Afrique, Acajou rouge, African mahogany, Akuk, Bandoro, Bariba, Benin mahogany, Biribi, Biribu, Bisselon, Bitehi, Diala iri, Diburi, Dubini, Dukuma, Dukuma fufu, Dukuma-dugura, Dukumakokre, Dupuin, Ekuie, Eri Kiree, Houngo, Humpe, Khaya, Khaya mahogany, Kortghot, Krala, Krubna, Lokobua, Lukuma, Munyama, Ngollo, Ngollon, Oduben, Odupod, Odupon, Ogurango, Ogurano, Ogwango, Orkogho, Red mahogany, Samanguila, Senegal mahogany, Tiamatiama, Zoele
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution
[VIEW MAP]
Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda
Common Uses
Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Musical instruments, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Sporting Goods, Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Unknown because of lack of information |
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| Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center |
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Distribution Overview
Occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Zaire. In Ghana, this species occurs in many habitat types but seems to thrive best in moist and wet undisturbed evergreen forest. It is found scattered across almost the whole of Congo and is occasionally quite abundant.
Heartwood Color
| Red |
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| Yellow |
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| Purple |
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| Brown |
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| Green/grey |
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| Pink |
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| Orange |
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| Pale red to pink |
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| Reddish brown |
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| Dark brown |
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| Red |
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| Pale brown |
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| Brown |
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| Turn reddish brown upon exposure |
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| Pink-Brown |
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The yellowish-brown color that is present in the paler shades of American mahoganies is very rare.
Sapwood Color
| White |
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| Yellow |
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| White to yellow |
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| Paler than heartwood |
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| Well defined |
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| Pinkish |
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Creamy-White or yellowish
Not always distinct from the heartwood. It is usually about 2 inches (5 cm) wide.
Grain
| Figure |
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| Distinct (figure) |
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| Interlocked |
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| Straight |
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| Stripe (figure) |
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| Very fine |
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| Closed |
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| Even |
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| Growth rings (figure) |
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| Rays (figure) |
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| Rippled (figure) |
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| Roey (figure) |
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| Wavy |
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| Interlocked |
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| Distinct figure |
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| Straight |
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| Striped figure |
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| Figure occurrence is very fine and distinct |
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| Wavy |
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| Roey figure |
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| Rippled figure |
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| Rays figure |
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| Clear growth rings (figure) |
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Swirl and crotch figures are also common.
Texture
| Medium |
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| Coarse |
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| Medium coarse to coarse |
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| Coarse |
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| Fine |
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| Variable |
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Luster
| Medium |
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| Lustrous |
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| High |
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| Golden luster |
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Natural Growth Defects
| Gum and mineral deposits |
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| Brittleheart is often frequent and extensive |
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Natural Durability
| Durable |
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| Perishable |
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| Non-durable |
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| Moderately durable |
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| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) may be present in the felled log |
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| Susceptible to marine borer attack |
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| Resistant to wood staining fungal attack |
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| Non durable |
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| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles |
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| Sapwood is vulnerable to attack by furniture beetles |
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| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles |
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| Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present |
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| Heartwood moderately resistant to decay |
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Resistant to termite attack in West Africa
Trees and logs are vulnerable to attack by forest longhorn and Buprestid beetles.
Odor
| No specific smell or taste |
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Light-Induced Color Change
Toxicity
| Dermatitic effects |
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| Unspecified toxicity |
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| Non-toxic |
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Kiln Schedules
| Drying (speed) is fast |
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| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid |
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Drying Defects
| Splitting |
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| Distortion |
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| Slight twist/warp |
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| Slight end splitting |
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| Slight surface checking |
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| No surface checking |
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| No end splitting |
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| No twisting or warping |
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| Moderate twist/warp |
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Radial - 2.5%
Shrinkage from Green to 12% MC
Strongly developed tension wood may cause excessive distortion during drying.
Tangential - 4.5%
Ease of Drying
The timber dries at a fairly rapid rate with little degrade, except when tension wood is present
Kiln Drying Rate
| Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) |
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Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
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| Bole/stem form is straight |
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| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
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Tree Size
| Bole length is 0-10 m |
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| Bole length is 10-20 m |
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| Tree height is 30-40 m |
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Develops straight, well-formed boles that measure about 40 to 80 feet (12 to 24 m) above strong buttresses that are up to 8 feet (2.5 m) high
Product Sources
Although the species makes up most of the African mahogany on the international market, it is usually sold in a mixture with other Khaya species including K. anthotheca , K. grandifoliola , and K. senegalensis . Origin of consignment can sometimes help identify specific Khaya species. This may be valuable since differences in some properties can be appreciable. Supplies in the lumber form are quite abundant, and can be found in a wide range of sizes at moderate prices. They are also available in plywood form from many lumber suppliers. African mahogany is frequently used to replace American mahogany because it is cheaper and more abundant, and can also be used for the same applications.
Substitutes
Crabwood (Carapa guianensis) is similar in appearance and is nearly as tough. Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) has superiod strength properties. African canarium (Canarium schweinfurthii) is extremely similar in appearance once it is stained.
Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as good
Some logs may have brittleheart which can cause thundershakes, or cross-breaks, or heart-breaks. The defect is more common in figured logs.
Tension Wood - Abnormal wood tissue in the form of tension wood and brittleheart is sometimes present.
Blunting Effect
| Blunting effect on machining is slight |
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| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
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| Moderate effect |
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| Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate |
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Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
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| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult |
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Cross-Cutting and narrow bandsawing are satisfactory
Gluing
| Easy to glue |
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| Satisfactory gluing properties |
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| Moderate gluing properties |
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Mortising
Moulding
Square block is reported to cause the most tearing and French head is not recommended for woolly stock.
Movement in Service
| Small |
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| Shows only small movement after manufacture |
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| Retains shape well after seasoning |
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Nailing
| Easy to nail |
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| Satisfactory nailing properties |
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| Possible if prebored |
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| Holds nails well |
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Non-Ferrous or coated fastenings have been recommended to prevent dark stains on the wood since it reacts with iron under damp conditions.
Planing
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
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Machining properties are affected by interlocked grain and by the woolly nature of the stock being worked. A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees has been recommended in planing to prevent grain from tearing.
Resistance to Impregnation
| Heartwood is highly resistant |
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| Sapwood is moderately resistant |
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Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
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| Easy to machine |
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| Variable qualities |
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| Moderate working qualities |
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| Difficult to machine |
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Heavily interlocked material is difficult to surface without tearing
Screwing
| Easy to screw |
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| Screwing yields good results |
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| Possible if prebored |
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Turning
Turning and other woodworking operations such as mortising, boring, and sanding are all satisfactory, except in woolly material
Veneering Qualities
| No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting |
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| Easy to cut |
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Steam Bending
The wood is not recommended for steam bending applications since it buckles severely. A supporting strap is reported to give no advantage.
Polishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
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| Fair to Good Results |
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| Satisfactory results |
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| Good results |
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Staining
| Finish is generally satisfactory |
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| Finish is generally good |
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| Good staining properties |
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Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Max. crushing strength = medium |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = low |
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| Hardness (side grain) = soft |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low |
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| Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = small |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = small |
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| Hardness (side grain) = very soft |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = very small |
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| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate |
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| Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate |
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| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large |
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| Work to Maximum Load = very low |
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| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low |
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| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium |
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| Max. crushing strength = low |
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| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. |
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| Shrinkage, Volumetric = large |
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| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium |
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| Density = high |
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| Crushing strength = medium |
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Moderate properties in hardness and weight
Strength properties of K. ivorensis are halfway between those of Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon ) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica ).
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 7464 | 11257 | psi |
| Density | | 32 | lbs/ft3 |
| Hardness | | 826 | lbs |
| Impact Strength | 25 | 21 | inches |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3786 | 6384 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | | 1546 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1169 | 1386 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 6 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.4 | | |
| Weight | 31 | 31 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 10 | | % |
| | | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| | | |
| Bending Strength | 524 | 791 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | | 512 | kg/m3 |
| Hardness | | 374 | kg |
| Impact Strength | 63 | 53 | cm |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 266 | 448 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | | 108 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 82 | 97 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.42 | 0.49 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Specific Gravity | 0.4 | | |
| Weight | 496 | 496 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | | % |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 5 | | % |
References
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Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1956,Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,no.45, pp27-36
Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1979,Acajou D'Afrique (Khaya spp.,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,183,pp33-48
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. Australia
Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse University
Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. London
Cox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough
Desch, H.E.,1951,Manual of Commercial Timbers,The Author Crockham Hill, Kent,Vol.1
Edlin, H. 1969. What Wood is That? - A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.
Edlin, H.L.,1969,What wood is that? A Manual of Wood Identification,Jarrold and Sons Ltd. Norwich
Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department
Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSO
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45
Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38
Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment
France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12
France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFT
France - C.T.F.T.,Recuil de Fiches Techniques,C.T.F.T.
France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,France
Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing Board
Gutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102
Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32
Hedin, L.,1930,Commercial Mahoganies of French Cameroons,Tropical Woods,3(21,pp1-5
Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la Cameroun
HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.
Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer Cutting
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
ITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1- Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.
Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
Keay, R.W.J. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer Lagos
Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold Coast
Kline, M. 1981. Khaya spp. - African mahogany. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 201-202.
Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12
Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125
Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3
Lamb, G.N.,1948,The Mahogany Book (7th Ed.,Mahogany Association Inc., Chicago.
Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Ministry of Technology, Forest Products Research, Bulletin No. 50. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
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