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Blunting Effect
Boring
Carving
Comments
Common Names
Common Uses
Countries of Distribution
Cutting Resistance
Distribution Overview
Drying Defects
Ease of Drying
Environmental Profile
Family Name
Grain
Heartwood Color
Kiln Drying Rate
Mortising
Moulding
Movement in Service
Nailing
Natural Durability
Numerical Data
Odor
Planing
Polishing
References
Regions of Distribution
Resistance to Abrasion
Resistance to Impregnation
Response to Hand Tools
Routing & Recessing
Sanding
Sapwood Color
Scientific Name
Screwing
Strength Properties
Synonyms
Texture
Trade Name
Tree Identification
Tree Size
Turning
Varnishing

Scientific Name
Klainedoxa gabonensis

Trade Name
Eveuss

Family Name
Simaroubaceae

Synonyms
Klainedoxa zenkeri


Wood Image 1

Common Names
Akoankyere, Astratoanini, Bisiabo, Eves, Eveuss, Ikele, Kododebu, Kroma, Kuma-kuma, Mututtu, Ngon, Oban ngon, Odudu, Usen

Regions of Distribution
Africa

Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP]
Angola, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda

Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Construction, Crossties, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Ladders , Light construction, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Parquet flooring, Pile-driver cushions, Piling, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Shafts/Handles, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Trimming, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wainscotting

Environmental Profile
Secure in many areas of its range
Little threat to its survival, at least in the immediate future
Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center


Distribution Overview
From Guinea to the Congo Basin, Uganda, and Sudan; occurs in evergreen forests on sandy soil.

Heartwood Color
Brown
Yellow
Orange
Green/grey
Dark brown
Brown
Yellow to golden-yellow to orange
Greenish to greyish

Ages to a dark brown color with black veining.

Sapwood Color
Brown
Yellow
Paler than heartwood
Different than heartwood
Color not distinct from heartwood


Grain
Straight
Interlocked
Closed
Even
Wavy
Figure
Weak (figure)

Straight
Interlocked
Weak figure
Wavy

Produces zig-zag ornamental markings

Texture
Fine
Fine to medium
Medium coarse to coarse
Coarse
Even textured


Natural Durability
Very durable
Resistant to termites
Susceptible to insect attack
Non-resistant to marine borers
Resistant to powder post beetles
Very durable
Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera)
Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)
Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles
Resistant to termite attack
Moderately durable
Heartwood resistant to decay
Durable


Odor
No specific smell or taste


Drying Defects
Distortion
Internal Honeycombing Possible
Checking
Collapse
Splitting


Ease of Drying
Slowly
Difficult
Heartwood is very difficult to treat

It should be converted in the green condition

Kiln Drying Rate
Naturally dries at a moderate speed
Naturally dries slowly


Tree Identification
Bole/stem form is buttressed
Bole/stem form is straight
Bole/stem form is fluted
Bole/stem form is cylindrical


Tree Size
Tree height is 10-20 m
Tree height is 20-30 m


It develops straight, and often well-formed boles that are about 100 feet (30 m) long.

Comments
General finishing qualities are rated as poor

The timber is reported to make good firewood

Blunting Effect
Moderate effect


Boring
Good boring properties


Carving
Very difficult to work with hand tools


Cutting Resistance
Easy to saw
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult
Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy

The wood saws reasonably well but special teeth are required since it is very hard. It is often called ironwood.

Mortising
Easy to mortise


Moulding
Material responds well to moulding operations
Easy to mould


Movement in Service
Excellent Stability - Small Movement


The material is dimensionally unstable, and tends to move significantly after manufacture.

Nailing
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Requires pre-boring
Holds nails well
Difficult to nail


Planing
Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Very Good to Excellent Results
Fair to Good Results
Easy to plane
Surfaces are often smooth and clean
Planes well, to a good finish


Resistance to Abrasion
Resiliant
Highly resistant to wear
Good for flooring


Resistance to Impregnation
Softwood is fairly resistant
Heartwood is resistant
Heartwood is permeable
Heartwood is moderately resistant
Heartwood is fairly resistant to termites and other insects


Response to Hand Tools
Easy to Work
Moderate working qualities
Easy to machine

The wood is very difficult to work with hand tools.

Routing & Recessing
Routs and recesses fairly well


Sanding
Reported to sand well


Screwing
Holds nails firmly, but it requires pre-boring

Turning
Good results


Polishing
Fair to Good Results
Satisfactory results
Good results


Varnishing
Fair to Good Results
Fairly Easy to Very Easy


Strength Properties
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high
Max. crushing strength = high
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Shrinkage, Volumetric = large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Max crushing strength = very high
Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Hardness (side grain) = very hard
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high
Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft.
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Toughness- hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high
Toughness - hammer drop (Impact strength) = very high
Shrinkage, Volumetric = small
Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Max. crushing strength = medium
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Density (dry weight) = 75+ lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = medium


Numerical Data
ItemGreenDryEnglish
Bending Strength1553523599psi
Crushing Strength2195psi
Density59lbs/ft3
Hardness2554lbs
Impact Strength56inches
Maximum Crushing Strength743211063psi
Shearing Strength2258psi
Static Bending12152psi
Stiffness237829921000 psi
Toughness432inch-lbs
Specific Gravity0.790.95
Weight5852lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage6%
Tangential Shrinkage10%
Volumetric Shrinkage14%
ItemGreenDryMetric
Bending Strength10921659kg/cm2
Crushing Strength154kg/cm2
Density945kg/m3
Hardness1158kg
Impact Strength142cm
Maximum Crushing Strength522777kg/cm2
Shearing Strength158kg/cm2
Static Bending854kg/cm2
Stiffness1672101000 kg/cm2
Toughness497cm-kg
Specific Gravity0.790.95
Weight929833kg/m3
Radial Shrinkage6%
Tangential Shrinkage10%

References
Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.

Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48

Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research

Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.

Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153

Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda

Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department

Fouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38

Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data

Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London

Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159

Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3

Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T

Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.

Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7

Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons

Uganda Forestry Department,1954,Pilot tests of strength properties of some Ugandan grown timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber leaflet No. 46

WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.









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