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Clicking any heading in the main data area (at right) will scroll the page back to this top position. Use the following links to jump to the associated section in the main data. Blunting Effect Boring Carving Comments Common Names Common Uses Countries of Distribution Cutting Resistance Distribution Overview Drying Defects Ease of Drying Environmental Profile Family Name Grain Heartwood Color Kiln Drying Rate Mortising Moulding Movement in Service Nailing Natural Durability Numerical Data Odor Planing Polishing References Regions of Distribution Resistance to Abrasion Resistance to Impregnation Response to Hand Tools Routing & Recessing Sanding Sapwood Color Scientific Name Screwing Strength Properties Synonyms Texture Trade Name Tree Identification Tree Size Turning Varnishing Scientific Name Klainedoxa gabonensis Trade Name Eveuss Family Name Simaroubaceae Synonyms Klainedoxa zenkeri Common Names Akoankyere, Astratoanini, Bisiabo, Eves, Eveuss, Ikele, Kododebu, Kroma, Kuma-kuma, Mututtu, Ngon, Oban ngon, Odudu, Usen Regions of Distribution Africa Countries of Distribution  [VIEW MAP] Angola, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Uganda Common Uses Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Construction, Crossties, Domestic flooring, Excelsior, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture, Handles, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Ladders , Light construction, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Parquet flooring, Pile-driver cushions, Piling, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Shafts/Handles, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Trimming, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Wainscotting Environmental Profile Secure in many areas of its range Little threat to its survival, at least in the immediate future Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Distribution Overview From Guinea to the Congo Basin, Uganda, and Sudan; occurs in evergreen forests on sandy soil. Heartwood Color Brown Yellow Orange Green/grey Dark brown Brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Greenish to greyish Ages to a dark brown color with black veining. Sapwood Color Brown Yellow Paler than heartwood Different than heartwood Color not distinct from heartwood Grain Straight Interlocked Closed Even Wavy Figure Weak (figure) Straight Interlocked Weak figure Wavy Produces zig-zag ornamental markings Texture Fine Fine to medium Medium coarse to coarse Coarse Even textured Natural Durability Very durable Resistant to termites Susceptible to insect attack Non-resistant to marine borers Resistant to powder post beetles Very durable Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Resistant to termite attack Moderately durable Heartwood resistant to decay Durable Odor No specific smell or taste Drying Defects Distortion Internal Honeycombing Possible Checking Collapse Splitting Ease of Drying Slowly Difficult Heartwood is very difficult to treat It should be converted in the green condition Kiln Drying Rate Naturally dries at a moderate speed Naturally dries slowly Tree Identification Bole/stem form is buttressed Bole/stem form is straight Bole/stem form is fluted Bole/stem form is cylindrical Tree Size Tree height is 10-20 m Tree height is 20-30 m It develops straight, and often well-formed boles that are about 100 feet (30 m) long. Comments General finishing qualities are rated as poor The timber is reported to make good firewood Blunting Effect Moderate effect Boring Good boring properties Carving Very difficult to work with hand tools Cutting Resistance Easy to saw Cutting Resistance with dry wood is difficult Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy The wood saws reasonably well but special teeth are required since it is very hard. It is often called ironwood. Mortising Easy to mortise Moulding Material responds well to moulding operations Easy to mould Movement in Service Excellent Stability - Small Movement The material is dimensionally unstable, and tends to move significantly after manufacture. Nailing Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Requires pre-boring Holds nails well Difficult to nail Planing Fairly Easy to Very Easy Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Easy to plane Surfaces are often smooth and clean Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Abrasion Resiliant Highly resistant to wear Good for flooring Resistance to Impregnation Softwood is fairly resistant Heartwood is resistant Heartwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is fairly resistant to termites and other insects Response to Hand Tools Easy to Work Moderate working qualities Easy to machine The wood is very difficult to work with hand tools. Routing & Recessing Routs and recesses fairly well Sanding Reported to sand well Screwing Holds nails firmly, but it requires pre-boring Turning Good results Polishing Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Good results Varnishing Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Strength Properties Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Max. crushing strength = high Bending strength (MOR) = very high Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max crushing strength = very high Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft Hardness (side grain) = hard Hardness (side grain) = very hard Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness- hammer drop (Impact Strength) = high Toughness - hammer drop (Impact strength) = very high Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 75+ lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Numerical Data Item Green Dry English Bending Strength 15535 23599 psi Crushing Strength 2195 psi Density 59 lbs/ft3 Hardness 2554 lbs Impact Strength 56 inches Maximum Crushing Strength 7432 11063 psi Shearing Strength 2258 psi Static Bending 12152 psi Stiffness 2378 2992 1000 psi Toughness 432 inch-lbs Specific Gravity 0.79 0.95 Weight 58 52 lbs/ft3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % Volumetric Shrinkage 14 % Item Green Dry Metric Bending Strength 1092 1659 kg/cm2 Crushing Strength 154 kg/cm2 Density 945 kg/m3 Hardness 1158 kg Impact Strength 142 cm Maximum Crushing Strength 522 777 kg/cm2 Shearing Strength 158 kg/cm2 Static Bending 854 kg/cm2 Stiffness 167 210 1000 kg/cm2 Toughness 497 cm-kg Specific Gravity 0.79 0.95 Weight 929 833 kg/m3 Radial Shrinkage 6 % Tangential Shrinkage 10 % References Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa. Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48 Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison. Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153 Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry Department Fouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38 Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159 Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3 Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.T Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T. Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7 Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and Sons Uganda Forestry Department,1954,Pilot tests of strength properties of some Ugandan grown timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber leaflet No. 46 WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.